Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
The most common urinary diversion is the ileal conduit or ileal loop. T/F
|
True
|
|
|
Normal bladder capacity is between _________and ________ mls.
|
300-600
|
|
|
What terms refer to the process of emptying the urinary bladder?
|
Micturition, voiding, urination
|
|
|
Anuria is
|
a lack of urine production
|
|
|
Nocturnal Enurisis is:
|
bed wetting
|
|
|
Oliguria is:
|
Low urine output
|
|
|
Nocturia is:
|
voiding 2 or more times per night
|
|
|
Dysuria is:
|
painful or diffucult urination
|
|
|
Urinary frequency is?
|
the sudden strong desire to void.
|
|
|
What is a normal range for urine specific gravity?
|
1.010-1.025
|
|
|
What part of the kidney do loop diuretics work?
|
Loop of henle
|
|
|
What part of the kidney or osmotic diuretics work?
|
the glomerulus
|
|
|
Is the internal bladder sphincter voluntary?
|
no, its involuntary
|
|
|
What is the correct name for the pee hole?
|
Urinary meatus
|
|
|
Is incontenance a normal part of aging?
|
NO
|
|
|
Name some factors that influence urination.
|
age, habits, fluid intake, muscle tone, pathological conditions, surgery, medications
|
|
|
What is polyuria?
|
It is lots of urine or diuresis
|
|
|
What is the functional unit of the kidneys?
|
nephron
|
|
|
When does someone get the urge to urinate?
|
when the bladder has about 250-350 mls.
|
|
|
What is considered urinary retention? What causes it and what are the complications? S&S?
|
When the bladder retains 25% of its capacity after voiding complications include UTI or overflow incontinance. CAuses include prostate enlargement, fecal impaction, spinal cord trauma, emotional anxiety, and medications. S&S include distended bladder, tenderness, diaphoresis.
|
|
|
What are the S&S of UTIs?
|
dysuria, fever, n/v, hematuria, CVAT, confusion in elderly.
|
|
|
What is Urinary incontinance?
|
Loss of control over voiding
|
|
|
What is normal urine pH?
|
4.5-8.0
|
|
|
Name some abnormal consitiuants of urine.
|
blood, glucose, albumin, ketones, bacteria, wbcs, pus
|
|
|
How much fluid should an average person consume in a day?
|
2000-2500 ml
|
|
|
What do cholinergic drugs do?
|
stimulate the bladder by stimulating the cholinergic receptors in smooth muscle of bladder.
|
|
|
When refering to cholinergic drugs: What does SLUDGE stand for?
|
Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, gastric cramps, emesis
|
|
|
What do anticholinergic drugs do?
|
relax detrusor muscle of bladder and increase constriction of teh internal sphincter but have side effects...
|
|
|
What are the actions of anticholinergic drugs?
|
Cant pee cant see cant spit cant shit.
|
|
|
If one wants to acidify their urnie what should they consume and what should they avoid?
|
Consume Vit C, cranberry juice, plum and proteins and should avoid citrus and vegetables.
|
|
|
How can one prevent UTIs?
|
Drink 6-8 glasses of fluid/day, void when have the urge, avoid harsh soaps, avoid tight clothing, wear cotton undies. Practice good perineal care, take showers.
|
|
|
What are some purposed of urinary catherization?
|
releive bladder distention, obtain sterile specimens, measure PVR, instill medication, and irrigate the bladder.
|
|
|
What are some types of urinary catheters and their alternatives?
|
Intermittant (straight), Indwelling (foley), suprapubic, and condom/texas.
|
|
|
What is an ileal conduit?
|
A urinary ostomy
|
|
|
The nurse recognizes that urinary elimination changes may occur even in healthy elders because=
|
the amt of urine retained after voiding increases.
|
|
|
What is an appropriate nuring management of a client wearing a condom catheter?
|
checking the penis for circulation 30 minutes after applying
|
|
|
What is urinary retention?
|
urine remaining in the bladder after voiding
|
|
|
What is urosepsis?
|
urinary bacteria in the blood stream
|
|
|
Isotonic movement is
|
increase muscle tension and shortening of muscle
|
|
|
What are some examples of Isotonic movement?
|
Walking, jogging, dancing, movement of arms and legs
|
|
|
What are some of the benefits of isotonic movement?
|
increase muscle tone, increase circulation and increase respiratory function
|
|
|
Isometric movement is
|
tighting of the muscle without shortening the muscle
|
|
|
What are some examples of Isometric movement?
|
contraction of gluteus muscles, resistive exercises (isokinetic)
|
|
|
What are some benefits of isometric movement?
|
increase muscle tone, strenght, and increase circulation and provides stress to the bones
|
|
|
What is propriception?
|
The awareness of the position of the body and its parts.
Example--walking with out looking at feet |
|
|
What is Flaccid?
|
Without muscle tone
|
|
|
What is spastic
|
With too much muscle tone
|
|
|
How often should the patient be repositioned
|
Every 2 hours
|
|
|
What is the Fowlers position?
|
It is the bed position in which the head and trunk are raised 45 to 90 degrees
|
|
|
What are the benefits of the Fowlers position?
|
Pt's with
-difficulty breathing -heart problems -allows greater ches expansion and lung ventilation -good for feeding |
|
|
What is the Supine position (Dorsal Recumbent position)?
|
Laying flat on your back
|
|
|
What are the benefits of the supine or dorsal recumbent position?
|
- provide comfort
-facilitate healing following certain surgeries or anesthetics - promotes correct alignment - good to increase blood pressure |
|
|
If a patient is sitting in a chair how often should you move or suggest the patient reposition themselve in the chair.
|
Every 20 to 30 minutes
|
|
|
What is the prone position?
|
Patient is laying on their stomach.
|
|
|
What are the benefits of the prone position?
|
- allows full extension of the hip and knee joints
-promotes drainage for the mouth and preventing aspiration -decrease flexion of the vertebra |
|
|
What is the Sim's position?
|
This is semi-prone side laying position with the distribution of weight on the abdomen
|
|
|
What are the benefits of the Sims position?
|
-promotes drainage from the mouth and preventing aspiration
- decrease pressure over the sacral and hip area - are use for certain exams |
|
|
What is the Orthopneic position?
|
Patient will sit up in bed or on the side of the bed with a tabel across their lap.
|
|
|
What are the benefits of the Orthopneic position?
|
-respiratory patient that need maximum chest expansion
- promotes better breathing |
|
|
What does ROM stand for?
|
Range of Movement
|
|
|
What are the two types of ROM exercises?
|
Passive and Active
|
|
|
What is passive ROM exercise?
|
Exercise performed by the nurse with out the help of the patient.
|
|
|
What is Active ROM exercise
|
Exercises where the patient will assist with the movement
|
|
|
What is a contracture?
|
Permanent shortening of a muscle and subsequent shortening of tendons and ligaments
|
|
|
What is Hemiplegia?
|
One side paralysis
|
|
|
What is Hemiparesis
|
One sided weakness
|
|
|
What side would the nurse stand on when assisting a patient.
|
Nurse would stand on the affected side
|
|
|
What is the name of the test performed to find blood in the stool?
|
Guiac test
|
|
|
What is the usual amount of stool recommended for collection? formed? liquid?
|
Formed: 2.5 cm or 1 in of stool
Liquid: 15 - 30 mL |
|
|
What are some assessments to include about the stool specimen?
|
Note: color, odor, consistency, amount, presence of blood or mucous, comfort during or after defication, status of perianal skin, results of hemoccult test.
|
|
|
What can cause false positives in a hemoccult card occur?
|
recently ingested: red meats, raw vegies or fruits, or certain perscriptions that irritate the gastric mucosa.
|
|
|
What are some types of urine collection?
|
clean voided, midstream, 24 hr urine, strait cath, indwelling cath
|
|
|
Why are 24 hr urines refridgerated?
|
to prevent bacterial growth or decomp of urine
|
|
|
What are some normal tests performed on urine using a dipstick?
|
specific gravity, pH, presence of glucose, ketones, proteins, blood
|
|
|
Specific gravity is an indicator of?
|
urine concentration, or amt of solutes
|
|
|
The pH of urine is usually.....
|
slightly acidic
|
|
|
In metabolic ACIDOSIS, pH?
In metabolic ALKALOSIS, pH? increases or decreases |
ACIDOSIS, pH decreases
ALKALOSIS, pH increases |
|
|
If the glomerular membrane has been damaged, what is likely to be present in urine?
|
Proteins
|
|
|
What is the mucous secretion from lungs, bronchi, and trachea called?
|
SPUTUM
|
|
|
What is the nurse responsible for giving the patient prior to an exam of the lower GI tract?
|
a barium enema
|
|
|
what does MRI stand for? How long do they usually take?
|
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 30-60 min
|
|
|
3 sections of small intestines
|
duodenum,jejunum,ileum
|
|
|
area where the small intestines joins the large intestines
|
ileocecal valve
|
|
|
what is the primary organ of bowel elimination?
|
large intestine
|
|
|
how long is the large intestine?
|
5-6 ft long
|
|
|
what are the four things the large bowel is responsible for?
|
completing absorption, secretion of bicarbonates, formation/expulsion of feces, protection of lining with mucus
|
|
|
how many liters are reabsorbed in the large intestine daily?
|
1-2 liters
|
|
|
what kind of stool is found in the ascending and transverse colon?
|
liquid stool
|
|
|
what kind of stool is found in the descending colon?
|
semi solid stool
|
|
|
what kind of stool is found in the sigmoid?
|
solid stool
|
|
|
when does the rectum normally empty? (hours)
|
1 hour after eating
|
|
|
do we have control over the internal sphincter?
|
no,it's involuntary, whereas the external sphincter is voluntary
|
|
|
after reabsorption, how much fluid is eliminated in the feces?
|
100 cc
|
|
|
slow peristolic actions occur every???
|
3-12 hours
|
|
|
Mass peristalsis occurs every 3-4 hours in a 24 hour period, but when is it the strongest?
|
during the hours after meals
|
|
|
What are the factors affecting elimination?
|
developmental age, foods and fluids, activity and muscle tone, lifestyle, psychological response, pathological conditions, medications, diagnostic tests, surgery and anesthesia
|
|
|
why are bowel movements increased in infants?
|
because water is not absorbed
|
|
|
what factors affect elimination in the older adult?
|
decreased motility due to decrease peristalsis, decreased bm, decreased sphincter control
|
|
|
decreased sphincter control leads to:
|
urgency to deficate=incontinence
|
|
|
How much fluid do you need on a daily basis?
|
2000-3000ml's a day
|
|
|
what two diseases of the intestinal tract cause diarrhea leading to malabsorption, leading to pain and lesions?
|
DIVERTICULTIS AND CROHN'S DISEASE
|
|
|
how do iron supplements affect elimination?
|
binding, stool turns balck because of the oxygination of iron leading to increasing constipation
|
|
|
Narcotic analgesics slow down gastric motility and ______
constipation |
increase
|
|
|
barium acts as a concrete, increasing constipation. What does one need to do to expell barium?
|
INCREASE FLUIDS AND LAXATIVES, IF NEEDED
|
|
|
when does perilictic ilias occur?
|
3rd day of no bowel sounds
|
|
|
common bowel elimination problems include:
|
constipation, impaction, diarrhea, incontinence, flatulence, hemorrhoids, bowel diversions
|
|
|
define constipation
|
having fewer bowel movements than normal with the difficult passage of hard dry feces
|
|
|
what kinds of meds affect constipation?
|
iron supplements, analgesics (motrin, advil, alleve), opiods, anticoalurgents-benadryl, calcium bicarbonates-tums, diuretics
|
|
|
why is straining contraindicated?
|
stimulates the Vagus nerve, which may decrease the heart rate
|
|
|
what is the most common cause of diarrhea?
|
food intolerance
|
|
|
what are two major complications of diarrhea?
|
fluid and electrolyte imbalance and skin breakdown
|
|
|
ostomy
|
creating an opening into the abdominal wall for fecal elimination
|
|
|
what is a temporary ostomy?
|
allows intestine to repair itself after inflammatory diesases such as, diverticulitis and chrihn's disease
|
|
|
why would a person have a permanent ostomy?
|
bowel cancer
|
|
|
what should a stoma look like?
|
nice and pink=highly vascular
|
|
|
what are two types of continent ostomy's?
|
ileoanal reservoir and Kock
|
|
|
what is a colostomy?
|
surgical opening with the ends of the intestine (colon) brought through the abdominal wall
|
|
|
what is a loop colostomy?
|
loop of bowel brought through abdominal wall, usually emergency and temporary
|
|
|
what is a double barreled colostomy?
|
two adjacent stomas attached or not attached, two very distinct for drainage, distal=mucous and proximal=stool
|
|
|
when percussing abdomen and it is dull over solid masses, what is happening?
|
impaction, full of stool
|
|
|
when percussing abdomen and it is tympanic or hyperresonant, what is happening?
|
flatulence
|
|
|
examination of black and tarry (melena) stool means what?
|
upper GI bleeding, iron, diet high in red meat
|
|
|
examination of red stool means what?
|
frank bleeding, lower Gi bleed, hemorrhoids
|
|
|
examination of clay/white stool means what?
|
absense of bile (gallbladder, pancreatitis, coliotitis), barium ingestion
|
|
|
examination of orange or green stool means what?
|
intestinal infection
|
|
|
how much stool should one expel on a daily basis?
|
150 grams
|
|
|
What does it mean when your stool is narrow/pencil shaped?
|
obstruction
|
|
|
what test should you perform to screen for blood in stool, ruling out GI bleed and how many times should you repeat test?
|
Occult blood or guaiac test on hemmocult slide x 3 seperate bowel movements
|
|
|
what factors contribute to a false negative on a occult blood test?
|
red meat, food such as veggies (radishes), fruits, NSAIDS
|
|
|
what factors contribute to a false negative on a occult blood test?
|
Vit C
|
|
|
what diagnostic test is a KUB?
|
flat plate, plain film of the kidneys, abdomen and bladder
|
|
|
what is the fastest acting laxative (stimulant)?
|
Dulcolax rectal suppository acts in 30 min
|
|
|
what is the slowest acting laxative?
|
stool softeners (12-24 hours)
|
|
|
If you are experiencing abd pain, should you use a laxative?
|
no pain and laxatives don't go together
|
|
|
what is the most effective antidiarrheal med.?
|
opiates because they act on intestines to slow down gastric motility to be able to absorb more fluid
|
|
|
Define enema
|
installation of a preperation into the rectum and sigmoid colon to relieve constipation/gas/fecal impaction, administer drugs and to promote visulation of the intestinal tract
|
|
|
what happens when kayexalate is administered through an enema?
|
osmotic fluid given, pt retains in lower sigmoid area, drawing in potassium
|
|
|
What is the relation of between height and enemas?
|
hight depends on flow of solution
|
|
|
when experiencing flatulence, what shouldn't you do?
|
use a straw for drinking, chew gum or hard candies, drink carbonated beverages
|
|
|
What is Joint contracture
|
the abnormal and usually permanent condition of a joint characterized by flexion and fixation---this is non-functionable
|
|
|
What is Disuse osteoprosis
|
impaired calcium metabolism
|
