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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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19th Century Iran
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- suffered extensive foreign intervention in the 19th century due to corrupt and self involved Qujar dynasty
- 1891 rebellion demanded an end to foreign involvement and a popularly elected parliament |
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British - Iranian relations in the 19th century
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- 1857 British officials were worried about a native uprising in India so they bought concessions to build a telegraph line across Iran
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Baron Julius de Reuter
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- Bought exclusive rights to Iran's industries
- right to irrigate farmland -exploit mineral resources -develop railroads and streetcar lines -establish national bank - Print currency |
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Other British gained
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bought the rights to
-reuter's mineral prospecting -establish banks -commerce along karun river, the only navigable waterway in Iran In 1891 Iranian Tabacco Industry was wold to the British Imperial Tabacco Company Led to antigovernment riots that shot Nasir Al-Din Shah |
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British Interests in Iran
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- contain Russia's influence in India
- Intervened mostly commercially -History of ineptitude -Iranians saw British foreign influence as corrupting the elite- led to conspiracy theories and xenohobia. |
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Iran and Russia
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Shah sold Russian merchants exclusive right to caviar fisheries
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Tudah Party
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Reza shah had imprisoned several dozen left-leaning professors. They joined with some liberals and reformers to create the Tudah party.
-In 1944 it turned towards marxism and organized among the urban poor. - In 1946 Many of its members won seats in the Majlis |
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Conditions under which Reza Shah comes to power
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Nasser Al-Din Shah was shot and his son Muzzaffar took over the throne.
- Famous for giving British William D'arcy special and exclusive privilege to exploit, develop, render suitable for trade, carry away and sell natural gas and petroleum for sixty years - people were outraged an a revolutionary spark occured when people started rioting over sugar prices. They demanded a parliament, a new constitution was adopted in 1906 in 1907 Britain and Russia signed a treaty dividing Iran between them. Britain assumed control of southern provinces while Russia tok the north with a neutral strip in the middle. Russia became consumed by the revolution, they renounced their rights in Iran and canceled Iran's debts. Britain moved to fill the vaccum. British assumed control over Iran's army, treasury, transport systemand communications network anglo-persian agreement infused nationalist movements with passion. Radicals in the north established a communist party and began revolting Reza Shah chose to enlist in a Russian Cossack. British backed him as they wanted a stronger central government and less of a soviet influence in the north Once in power he went about pacifying the country |
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Tudah Party
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Established in 1941 after Reza Shah was forced into exile, allowing opposition movements to emerge.
By 45 had established the first mass organization in Iran- 2,000 hard core members. Soviets demanded a petroleum concession in Northern Iran and sponsored ethnic revolts in Kurdestan and Azerbaijan- which Tudah supported and which tarnished their image In the late 40's the US began to distribute black propaganda which portrayed the Soviet Union and the Tudah as anti-Iranian and anti-Islamic- provoked violent acts and blamed it on the Tudah in 1949, there was an attempt on Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's life. The government blamed the party and banned it. The party continued to function underground as the Iranian Society for Peace. 51- tudah launches strikes and riots protesting low wages and bad housing in the oil industry and delays in nationalization of the oil industry.Demonstrations spread throughout Iran and police opened fire on the demonstrators- led to a panic n the parliament at the power of marxist forces in Iran Despite western propaganda, Tudah party never supported Mossadegh, arguing that his differences with the shah were mere differences between factional ruling elites. During the time of the coup, their propaganda against the Tudah party began to include Mossadeq The August 1952 coup was thwarted partly because of information uncovered by the Tudah members in the military- they intercepted a contingent sent to arrest mossadeq Protestors began arguing more fervetly for the removal of the Shah. Mossadeq, who never supported an abolition of the constitutional monarchy & was aware of western fears of the Tudah, saw these attacks as a challenge and ordered the military to oppress and arrest 600 tudah activists in Tehran. The coup succeeded the next day and the Shah banned it. The shah By 1957 the Tudah was crushed and its members arrested. |
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Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
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D'Arcy concessions:$20,000 in shares and 16% of future profits
grievences arouse in 1951 over the small fraction of revenues Iran recieved. -conditions for Iranian oil workers and their families were very bad -Anglo-Iranian had no given the better pay, built schools, hospitals and roads that it had promised to do under a 1933 agreement with Reza Shah |
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Supplemental Agreement
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May 1949- guaranteed royalty payments would not drop below 4 million dollars annually- reduced the area in which APOC would be allowed to drill
-Promised more Iranians would be trained for admin positions - But gave no greater voice in the Company's management to right to audit books. |
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Nationalization of AIOC
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1951 Majlis voted on a bill written y mossadeq to nationalize the AIOC and its holdings in opposition to the supplemental agreement
- shortly after they elected Mossadegh |
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Abadan Crisis
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foreign countries refused to take Iranian oil under British pressure and the refinery had to close
Mossadeq broke off negotiations with AIOC in 1951 and all employees were taken out of Iran After coup, Iranian oil began flowing again. |
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Muhammed Reza Shah's Assent
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- Reza shah developed great sympathy for facism and the German cause during WWII- needed someone who rejected Britain and the Soviet Union as much as he did.
When WWII broke out he developed a policy of neutrality but was partial to the German cause allowing agents to work in Iran in 1941 Britain and the Soviet Union invaded Iran, fearing that the Nazis were planning to use Iran as a platform to attack the Soviet Union Told Reza Shah to break his ties with Germany and allow the allies free use of his territories. He abdicated in august 1941 |
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Iran's Population
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70 Million
Most desnly populated region is tehran province 68% live in Urban areas, 31% in rural areas Lowest pop is in the south b/c climate and econ is bad Median age is 19 |
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Iran's ethnicities
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60% of pop is Aryan Origin- speak persian/ farsi
Balnuch: Turkish speaking groups 30% Kurds- 6/7 % Arabs- 2 %live in Gulf coast |
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Iran's Religions
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99.5% Muslim
90% Shiite 35,000 Zorastrianism 100,000 Christians 25,000 Jews ** largest religious minority is the Baiha - denied official recognition by the government |
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Algiers Accord
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During Carter's administration: US promised not to interfere in Iran's internal politics and not to bring claims against Iran on behalf of the hostages
returned only a fraction of Iran's frozen assets. It created a claims tribunal that settled hundreds of US claims against Iran. |
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Iran Hostage Crisis
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October 1979, Students break into the US embassy and take its occupants prisoner, demanding the return of the Shah and his financial assets to Iran.
- Bazargan government was dismissed - While hostage crisis took place, Khomeini was pressing for the adoption of a new constitution that would permanently enshrine the concept of an Islamic republic with direct clerical oversight of the government. - US responded by freezing all Iranian assets and the massive weapons systems that were under construction were sold. - Operation desert one was an attempted military intervention in Iran, was aborted due to intense desert storms and ended in the death of 8 US servicemen when one of the helicopters crashed into a transport aircraft. Ended with the Algiers Accord |
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Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
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- Israeli Invasion of Lebanon- Iran sent over 1,000 revolutionary guards in support, led to the creation of Hezbollah
- Iran bombed two US embasies and the US marine barraks- suffered 241 dead -1982 Hezbollah also began abducting Americans- at least 96 hostages |
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Iran/ Iraq war
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Regan opted in favor of Iraq and provided them with supplies
- Operation Staunch- worldwide effort to block arms supplies to Iran |
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Iran Contra Scandal
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Regan provided weapons furnished through Israel to iran in the hopes that hostages would be freed. Money from sales went to Contras
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Us forces in Gulf
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Operation Ernest Will- to protect Kuwaiti ships carrying oil from Iranian attack
ended in skirmishes and in shooting of Iranian passenger plane killing 200 civilians . |
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George H.W. Bush's administation
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- Last American hostages were released in 1991 but it was too little too late and americans did not remove sanctions or blame Iraq for the iran-Iraq war.
Gulf War- administration calculated that an iraq strnog enough to balance Iran was preferable. Madrid Peace conference; Iran was concerned that a peace treaty between Syria or Lebanon and Israel would reduce its alliance. Tehran's investment paid off, a spate of fresh terror attacks stalled talks. |
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Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
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- Israeli Invasion of Lebanon- Iran sent over 1,000 revolutionary guards in support, led to the creation of Hezbollah
- Iran bombed two US embasies and the US marine barraks- suffered 241 dead -1982 Hezbollah also began abducting Americans- at least 96 hostages |
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Iran/ Iraq war
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Regan opted in favor of Iraq and provided them with supplies
- Operation Staunch- worldwide effort to block arms supplies to Iran |
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Iran Contra Scandal
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Regan provided weapons furnished through Israel to iran in the hopes that hostages would be freed. Money from sales went to Contras
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Us forces in Gulf
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Operation Ernest Will- to protect Kuwaiti ships carrying oil from Iranian attack
ended in skirmishes and in shooting of Iranian passenger plane killing 200 civilians . |
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George H.W. Bush's administation
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- Last American hostages were released in 1991 but it was too little too late and americans did not remove sanctions or blame Iraq for the iran-Iraq war.
Gulf War- administration calculated that an iraq strnog enough to balance Iran was preferable. Madrid Peace conference; Iran was concerned that a peace treaty between Syria or Lebanon and Israel would reduce its alliance. Tehran's investment paid off, a spate of fresh terror attacks stalled talks. |
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Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
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D'Arcy concessions:$20,000 in shares and 16% of future profits
grievences arouse in 1951 over the small fraction of revenues Iran recieved. -conditions for Iranian oil workers and their families were very bad -Anglo-Iranian had no given the better pay, built schools, hospitals and roads that it had promised to do under a 1933 agreement with Reza Shah |
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Supplemental Agreement
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May 1949- guaranteed royalty payments would not drop below 4 million dollars annually- reduced the area in which APOC would be allowed to drill
-Promised more Iranians would be trained for admin positions - But gave no greater voice in the Company's management to right to audit books. |
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Nationalization of AIOC
|
1951 Majlis voted on a bill written y mossadeq to nationalize the AIOC and its holdings in opposition to the supplemental agreement
- shortly after they elected Mossadegh |
|
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Abadan Crisis
|
foreign countries refused to take Iranian oil under British pressure and the refinery had to close
Mossadeq broke off negotiations with AIOC in 1951 and all employees were taken out of Iran After coup, Iranian oil began flowing again. |
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Muhammed Reza Shah's Assent
|
- Reza shah developed great sympathy for facism and the German cause during WWII- needed someone who rejected Britain and the Soviet Union as much as he did.
When WWII broke out he developed a policy of neutrality but was partial to the German cause allowing agents to work in Iran in 1941 Britain and the Soviet Union invaded Iran, fearing that the Nazis were planning to use Iran as a platform to attack the Soviet Union Told Reza Shah to break his ties with Germany and allow the allies free use of his territories. He abdicated in august 1941 |
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Iran's Population
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70 Million
Most desnly populated region is tehran province 68% live in Urban areas, 31% in rural areas Lowest pop is in the south b/c climate and econ is bad Median age is 19 |
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Iran's ethnicities
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60% of pop is Aryan Origin- speak persian/ farsi
Balnuch: Turkish speaking groups 30% Kurds- 6/7 % Arabs- 2 %live in Gulf coast |
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Iran's languages
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99.5% Muslim
90% Shiite 35,000 Zorastrianism 100,000 Christians 25,000 Jews ** largest religious minority is the Baiha - denied official recognition by the government |
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Algiers Accord
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During Carter's administration: US promised not to interfere in Iran's internal politics and not to bring claims against Iran on behalf of the hostages
returned only a fraction of Iran's frozen assets. It created a claims tribunal that settled hundreds of US claims against Iran. |
|
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Iran Hostage Crisis
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October 1979, Students break into the US embassy and take its occupants prisoner, demanding the return of the Shah and his financial assets to Iran.
- Bazargan government was dismissed - While hostage crisis took place, Khomeini was pressing for the adoption of a new constitution that would permanently enshrine the concept of an Islamic republic with direct clerical oversight of the government. - US responded by freezing all Iranian assets and the massive weapons systems that were under construction were sold. - Operation desert one was an attempted military intervention in Iran, was aborted due to intense desert storms and ended in the death of 8 US servicemen when one of the helicopters crashed into a transport aircraft. Ended with the Algiers Accord |
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Israeli Invasion of Lebanon
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- Israeli Invasion of Lebanon- Iran sent over 1,000 revolutionary guards in support, led to the creation of Hezbollah
- Iran bombed two US embasies and the US marine barraks- suffered 241 dead -1982 Hezbollah also began abducting Americans- at least 96 hostages |
|
|
Iran/ Iraq war
|
Regan opted in favor of Iraq and provided them with supplies
- Operation Staunch- worldwide effort to block arms supplies to Iran |
|
|
Iran Contra Scandal
|
Regan provided weapons furnished through Israel to iran in the hopes that hostages would be freed. Money from sales went to Contras
|
|
|
Us forces in Gulf
|
Operation Ernest Will- to protect Kuwaiti ships carrying oil from Iranian attack
ended in skirmishes and in shooting of Iranian passenger plane killing 200 civilians . |
|
|
George H.W. Bush's administation
|
- Last American hostages were released in 1991 but it was too little too late and americans did not remove sanctions or blame Iraq for the iran-Iraq war.
Gulf War- administration calculated that an iraq strnog enough to balance Iran was preferable. Madrid Peace conference; Iran was concerned that a peace treaty between Syria or Lebanon and Israel would reduce its alliance. Tehran's investment paid off, a spate of fresh terror attacks stalled talks. |
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US Relations with Iran at the beginning of the 20th century
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-Us was relatively isolationist but missionaries in Iran felt that the people were being repressed by Shah
- Iranians saw US as a potential point of leverage against the Anglo-Russian domination |
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Howard Baskerville
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teacher at the mission in Tabriz
-US consul informed him that he should remain neutral in civil war in 1909, but instead hie lent his full time was later killed and his funeral became a national demonstration with 3,000 people to the revolution |
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Morgan Shuster
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Was recommended by president Taft to be Iran's financial adviser when asked by constitutionalist for assistance.
thought he could turn Iran into a modern democracybut foreign imperialist powers and antireform Persians would curtail this - sympathized with the constitutionalists - Eventually Russians told him to leave and eventually shah overthrew constitutionalists |
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US and the British monopoly on oil
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Iranians approached the Us to break the british monopoly but the US had no incentive to challenge Britain's primacy
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Interwar years
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Wilson proposed giving Iran a seat at the versailles conference but wehn the British opposed it, he did not press the matter
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Qavam es-Sultanah and Hussein Ala
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attempted to bring US companies to compete with AIOC
- failed b/c US companies did not want to challenge international cartel |
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Arthur Millspaugh
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led a new mission of american financial advisors- 1922-27
frustrating experience disliked Reza Shah, had multiple clashes over fiscal reform - reza shah refused to implement tax reforms necessary to collect revenue for the state shah saw him as arrogant foreigner |
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Robert Imbrie
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US vice-consul took a picture at a public fountain as religious events were taking place, crowed attaked him and he was killed- crowd panicked thought he had poisoned the well
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Ghaffer Djalal
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Iranian minister in DC - was arrested for speeding. Iran protested this violation of diplomatic impunity.
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1936-1938
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US relations with Iran were at a standstill- media reports called Reza Shah a former stable boy and US defended freedom of speech
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WWII
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Iran turns to US in an attempt to end the occupation- US was preoccupied with an allied victory thus it couldn't be persuaded to attempt toend the occupation but roosevelt sought Article 5 in 1942 whereby both US and soviet union signed a declaration that occupation was temporary and post war Iran would be free
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US strategy for Iran after the war
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- Iran needed to be strengthened so that it would not succumb to foreign control post-war
- FDR sent Millspaugh again in 1943 as financial director to modernize Iran's political structure - Also wanted a clearer guarantee of Iranian independence- Tehran declaration- promise to rpeserve Iran's Unity and independence |
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Khomeini's ideology before revolution
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Religion and traditional virtues should play a greater role in Iran's national identity
- emphasized primacy of Islamic Jurisprudence over other types of government - was anguished that Islam might be displaced by fashionable ideologies of west - his ideas came at the height of anti-colonial and nationalist movements that were sweaping the nation |
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Khomeini's ideology after the war
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-denounced clerical passivity and illegitimacy of imported ideologies
- was drawn to the musings of political activists that called for Islam as a symbol of reisistance -Islam would have to be the basis of any government and clerics were the only ones who had the wisdom to rule -argued that the purpose of the government would be god's will on earth and any deviation from that constituted sin |
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Khomeini's foreign policy
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- we have no choice but to destroy corrupt systems and regimes. Local governments have a choice to sustain allegiance to the West or to confront the new Islamic epoch
- notion of territorial demarcations were things of the past- Islam's islamist message would contest both American capitalism and communism- would export the revolution -themes of panislamicism - laws should be derived from scripture and interpreted by the clerical elite - traditional democratic institutions and practices were not to infringe on unaccountable clers -Iran's revolution is the first step in a larger struggle against the forces of inequality and oppression- not iranian revolution but islamic |
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Rafsanjani
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-one of the founders of the republic
- wanted to rejuvinate the economy and turned to those with modern training to be in his cabinet wanted to loosen cultural rules as to not isolate youth |
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Servants of the constitution
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political group that was the voice for Rafsanjani's policies. Wanted a strong state capable of generating exports
success of regime was contingent on economic efficiency ended rationing and reintroduced the national stock market 8% economic growth but still a state mandated development yet corruption was rampant- true political change could not happen due to his centralizing ambitions |
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Rafanjanis's foreign policy
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did not like the west but also did not want to isolate Iran.
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Khamenei
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did not like the west and blamed it for selling weapons to the US
wanted to make sure that islamic cultural standards were kept |
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The Radicals
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did not have a leader but had a large place in Parliament
- Were quick to deride his econ plans as "capitalist Islam" and insisted on a more dogmatic approach to state planning - wanted to consolidate economic though social justice, wealth distribution, and elaborate welfare system f.p- emphasized anti-americanism and the export of the revolution- not just an islamist state but also a vanguard nation that could lead world's truggle against American hegemony. yet they embraced elections as the ultimate arbiter |
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division of Iran in factions
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- populist parliament, dominated by radicals, presidency led by rafsanjani, an advocate of market economics, and a supreme leader who idealized traditional Islamist society.
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Ratsanjan/ Khamenei alliance
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- guardian council disqualified a large numbe of radicals in the government from running for office-
khameini wanted to ensure a consolidated conservative power |
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Khameini against Rafsanjani
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realized that to get rid of command economy he would have to do more broad econ reform- borrowing from the world bank,
conservatives saw this as an encroachment on their ideological imperatives and power - he also wanted to change moral police and law enforcement- strict cultural rules - portrayed Rafsanjani as wanting to collaborate with the west *** in the end, factionalism of the republic ensured the end of his presidency |
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Rafsanjani
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-one of the founders of the republic
- wanted to rejuvinate the economy and turned to those with modern training to be in his cabinet wanted to loosen cultural rules as to not isolate youth |
|
|
Servants of the constitution
|
political group that was the voice for Rafsanjani's policies. Wanted a strong state capable of generating exports
success of regime was contingent on economic efficiency ended rationing and reintroduced the national stock market 8% economic growth but still a state mandated development yet corruption was rampant- true political change could not happen due to his centralizing ambitions |
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Rafanjanis's foreign policy
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did not like the west but also did not want to isolate Iran.
|
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Khamenei
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did not like the west and blamed it for selling weapons to the US
wanted to make sure that islamic cultural standards were kept |
|
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The Radicals
|
did not have a leader but had a large place in Parliament
- Were quick to deride his econ plans as "capitalist Islam" and insisted on a more dogmatic approach to state planning - wanted to consolidate economic though social justice, wealth distribution, and elaborate welfare system f.p- emphasized anti-americanism and the export of the revolution- not just an islamist state but also a vanguard nation that could lead world's truggle against American hegemony. yet they embraced elections as the ultimate arbiter |
|
|
division of Iran in factions
|
- populist parliament, dominated by radicals, presidency led by rafsanjani, an advocate of market economics, and a supreme leader who idealized traditional Islamist society.
|
|
|
Ratsanjan/ Khamenei alliance
|
- guardian council disqualified a large numbe of radicals in the government from running for office-
khameini wanted to ensure a consolidated conservative power |
|
|
Khameini against Rafsanjani
|
realized that to get rid of command economy he would have to do more broad econ reform- borrowing from the world bank,
conservatives saw this as an encroachment on their ideological imperatives and power - he also wanted to change moral police and law enforcement- strict cultural rules - portrayed Rafsanjani as wanting to collaborate with the west *** in the end, factionalism of the republic ensured the end of his presidency |
