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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Non GMO soybean in IL
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Very small amount, only 7%
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Chuckov program
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Farmers put money in, funds research on soybeans
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Soy aphids
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Native to Asia, spread quickly to northern US/southern Canada
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When should soy be treated? What with?
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Over 250 aphids per plant, foliar insecticide
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Biological control on soy aphids
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Parasitic wasps, efficacy unknown
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Antixenosis
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Form of host plant resistance: Inability for pest to find and feed on plant
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Antibiosis
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Form of host plant resistance: Inability for pest to grow/reproduce while feeding on plant
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Tolerance
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Form of host plant resistance: ability of plant to thrive despite feeding
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Screening for soy aphid resistance
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Check germ plasm
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Which cultivars have soy aphid resistance?
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Ancestral lines
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Antibiosis soy host plant resistance
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Not useful in IL, resistance gene needs to be bred into Midwest adapted soy backgrounds, the genes aren't known
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Marker-assisted selection
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Markers used to select aphid resistance genes Rag1/Rag2 in soy
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IL aphids
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Susceptible to both resistance genes
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Ohio aphids
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Resistant to Rag1 only
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Indiana aphids
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Resistant to both host plant resistance genes
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Value continuum per plant (low to high)
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Forests, forage crops, field crops, veggies, orchard crops
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Why are orchard crops highest value continuum?
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Economic AND aesthetic injury level
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Problem in forest IPM?
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Need large-scale control because very large
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Who discovered pheromone of silk moth?
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Adolf Butenandt
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Silk moth pheromone
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Bombykol
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Semiochemicals
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How forest pests are often controlled
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Intraspecific semiochemicals
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Pheromones: releaser or primer
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Releaser semiochemicals
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Changes in behavior: alarm, sexual, aggregation, marking, recruitment, ID
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Primer semiochemicals
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Development: Sexual maturiation, caste determination, dev, physiological state
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Interspecific semiochemicals
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Kairomone, Allomone
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Kairomone
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Benefits receiver to detriment of sender: Pheromones, allomones, toxins, metabolites, floral scents
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Allomone
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Benefits sender: Defense secretions, repellants, floral scents, lures
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Human pheromones
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Primers not releaser
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Advantages of chemical signals
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Independent of light, travel around obstacles, persists in time, energy-efficient, broad range of transmission
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Disadvantages of chemical signals
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Persistence, slow delivery, difficult to modify signal
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Semiochemicals in IPM
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Species specific, sustainable, non-toxic, pose no risk to non-targets
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What are semiochemicals used to control?
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Southern pine beetle, gypsy moth, emerald ash borer
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Coffee white stem borer
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Coffee pest, annihilate by trapping with pheromone
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Gyspy moth control
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Manual removal
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Gypsy moth caterpillar ID
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5 pairs of blue dots followed by 6 pairs of red dots on backs
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Gypsy moth problems
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Eat everything but leaf midrib, huge groups of eggs laid
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Tick diseases
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Lyme, RMSF, encephalitis
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Sandfly disease
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Leishmaniasis
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Kissing bug disease
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Chagas disease
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most important vectors
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Mosquitoes, followed by ticks
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most prevalent vector-borne disease in US
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lyme disease
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Black-legged tick life-cycle
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1 big blood meal per life stage, 3 different hosts, larvae hatch out disease-free and pick up from host
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Management of tick-borne disease
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Bait station for deer to apply permethrin, helmeted guineafowl
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Fragmented forests' role in lyme disease
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white-footed mouse (competent reservoir for lyme disease) does well in fragmented forest
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Zooprophylaxis
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use cows to deflect mosquito bites from humans since mosquitoes prefer cattle
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Biological control of mosquitoes
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Wolbachia shortens mosquito life span
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Transgenic management of mosquitoes
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Use fungus with antimicrobial toxin developed from scorpion venom
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Why are disease transmissions in livestock mostly bacterial?
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Body port contamination, regurgitation, defecation from vector
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Pigeon breast in horses
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Spread from CA, makes chest muscles puff up, associated with flies
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Strangles in horses
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Contagious, lymph nodes swell and pinch of trachea, transmitted by flies
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Rhodoccocus in horses
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Subtle, difficult to diagnose, internal abscesses, flies pick up from soil
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Equine Infectious Anemia
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HIV of horses, Tabanids are vector, detect with blood test
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Why do vets have to avoid using same needle or castration tool on horses?
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Equine Infectious Anemia
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Onchocerciasis
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Filarial disease, ventral midline, transmitted bu culicoids, cure with Ivermectrin
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Habronemiasis
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Most in Arabians and grey/light colours, summer sores, fly larvae in wounds
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Stable fly
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Wide-host blood feeder, attack lower areas of horses
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Aural plaques
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Fly transmitted, associated with black flies, cause weight loss in cattle/irritation of ears in horses, treat with XXTERRA
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Fly bite dermatitis
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Appaloosas more susceptible
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Bovine lukemia
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Horse flies transmit
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Equite Hemorrhagic Disease
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Culicoid vector, reservoir is whitetail deer/cattle, "smell of death", vaccinate prior to culicoid season
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SimpliFly, Equitrol, Solitude IGR
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Chitin synthesis inhibitors
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Chitin synthesis inhibitor benefits
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Low mammalian toxicity, high insect specificity, lasts long
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Hornflies and onchecomiasiis
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Need treatment for btoh fly and filaria
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Horn fly control
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Methoprene, feed-through for cattle, adjust to season
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