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88 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Plasma (cell) membrane
Forms the outer boundry of the cell, through which the cell interacts with it's external enviroment.
Nucleus
located in center of cell, it directs activity
Cytoplasm
located between cell membrane and nucleus, where most of cell activity takes place.
organelles
specialized structures that perform specific activities within the cell.
Characteristic functions of cells
1. Cell metabolism and energy use
2. synthesis of molecules
3. Communication
intracellular
inside the cell
extracellular
substances outside the cell.
membrane potential.
The regulation of ion movement by cells result in charge difference across plasma membrane.
glycocalyx
collection of glycolipids, glycoproteins, and carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
Phospholipids
predominate lipids of plasma membrane. They form a lipid bilayer. They have a polar head and a non-polar tail.
Hydrophilic head
Polar end of lipid bilayer exposed to aqueous extracellular and intracellular fluids.
Hydrophobic head
non-polar ends of lipid bilayer that face one another in the interior of plasma membrane.
Choleterol
the other major lipid in the plasma membrane. accounts for one third of plasma membrane.
interal proteins
penetrate deeply into the lipid bilayer, in many cases extending from one surface to another.
peripheral proteins
attached to either the inner or the outer surfaces of the lipid bilayer.
attachement proteins
Integral proteins which allow cells to attach to other cells or to extracellular molecules.
Cadherins
proteins that attach cells to other cells.
integrins
proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules.
transport proteins
integral proteins that allow ions or molecules to move from one side of the plasma membrane to the other.
Channel proteins
one or more integral proteins arranged so that they form a tiny channel through the plasma membrane.
Leak ion channel
channel proteins always open.
gated ion channels
channel proteins that can be open or closed.
Ligand-gated ion channels
gated ion channel that open and close from ligands, chemical signals.
Voltage gated ion channels
gated ion channels that open or close when there is a change in charge across the plasma membrane.
ATP-powered pump.
transport proteins that move specific ions and molecules from one side of plasma membrane to the other.
Receptor proteins
proteins or glycoproteins in the plasma membrane that have exposed receptor site on the outer cell surface which can attach to specific chemical signals.
G protein complex
consists of alpha, beta, and gamma proteins, acts as an intermediary between a receptor and other celluar proteins.
Enzymes
some proteins that can catalyze chemical reactions on either side of the plasm membrane.
selectively permeable
allows only certain substances to pass through it.
vesicle
small mebrane bound sac.
Diffusion
movement of solutes from area of high concentration to area of low concentrations.
concetration gradient
concentration difference between two points divided by the distance between the two points.
viscosity
a measure of how easily a liquid flows.
Osmosis
diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
Aquaporins
water channel proteins, increase permeability to water in some cell types, such as kidney cells.
Osmotic pressure
force required to prevent water from moving across selectively permeable membrane.
isosmotic
same concentration of solute particles and same osmotic pressure.
hyperosmotic
higher concentration and osmotic pressure solutions
hyposmotic
more dilute and less osmotic pressure solutions.
mediated transport
process by which transport of proteins mediate or assist the movement of large water soluble molecules or electrically charged molecules or ions across plama membrane.
specificity
each trasport proteins only binds to and transports a single type of molecule or ion
competition
the result of similar molecules binding to the transport protein.
saturation
the rate of movement of molecules across the membrane is limited by the number of available transport proteins.
Facilitated diffusion
carrier mediated or channel mediated process that moves substances into or out of cells from a higher contration to a lower concentration.
Active transport
mediated transport that requires energy provided by ATP.
Sodium-potassium pump
moves Na+ out and K+ into cells.
Endocytosis
the uptake of material through the plasma membrane by formation of a vesicle.
Phagocytosis
"cell eating." solid particle are integested and phagocytic vesicles are fromed. They reomove harmful substance from the body.
Pinocytosis.
"cell- drinking" disolve liquids
Cytosol
Fluid portion of the cytoplasm,
exocytosis
process by which vesicle membrane fuses with plamsa membrane and expells contents from cell.
Cytoskeleton
supports the cell and holds nucleus in place.
Microtubules
act as a support and structure t the cytoplasm, they are involved in cell divsion, hep transport intracellular materials, and form essential cell organelles, such as centroiles, spindal fibers, cilia and flagella.
Actin Filaments
small fibrils that form bundels , sheets or networks in the cytoplasm.
Intermediate filaments
protein fibers that provide mechanical strength to cells.
Cytoplasmic inclusions
aggregates of chemicals either produced or taken in by the cell.
Nucleus
a large, membrane bound structure, usually located near the center of the cell.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
mostly found in nucleus, DNA determines the structure and functional characteristics of the cell by specifying the structure of proteins.
Chromosomes
discrete structures formed by DNA and associated proteins (histones)
chromatin
chromosomes dispersed throughout the nucleus as delicate flaments
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
intermediate of DNA, sent out of nucleus.
gene
sequence of nucoltides in DNA that specify the structure of a protein or RNA molecule.
Ribosomes
the sites of protein synthesis
Endoplasmic reticulum
network with the cytoplasm, consists of broad, flattened sacs and tubules.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
called rough due to ribosomes attached to it.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
no ribosomes attached, it manufactures lipids, such as phospholips, cholesterol, and steroid hormones, and carbohydrates.
Golgi apparatus
composed of flattened, membranous sacs, containing cisternae, that are stacked on each other. Thought of as the packing and distribution centers.
secretory vesicles
pinch of the Golgi apparatus and move to the surface of the cell.
Lysosomes
ar membrane bound vesicles that form at the golgi apparatus. Enzymes within lyosomes digest intracelluar
Peroxiomes
are membrane bound vesicles that are smaller than lyosomes. Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids.
Proteasomes
Consist of large protein complexes, including enzymes that break down and recycle other proteins within the cell.
Mitochondria
provide energy for the cell. They contain their own DNA
Centrosome
a specialized zone of cytoplasm close to the nucleus, it is the center for microtubule formation in the cell.
Cilia
structures that project from the surface of cells and are capable of movement.
Microvilli
are cylindrically shaped extention of the plasma membrane. The do not move, they increase the surface area of the cell to increase absorption or increase sensory reception.
Flagella
structures similar to cilia, but are longer. They are used for movement. Sperm cells are the only human cells to contain Flagella.
Genes
the functional units of heredity. Each gene is segment of the DNA.
Heredity
the transmission of genetic traits from parent to offspring.
Gene expression
production of proteins from the information stored in DNA.
Trascription
to process of making a copy of information on DNA to make a particuluar protein. The copy is called mRNA
Translation
process of turning mRNA into a protein.
Genetic Code
information carried on mRNA.
Codons
a molecule that specifies the structure of a protein.
Cell life cycle
changes a cell undergoes from the time it is formed until it divides to produce two new cells.
Interphase
phase between cell divisions. 90% of a typical cell life is spent in interphase.
Cell division
produces the new cells necessary for growth and tissue repair.
Mitosis
is the division of a cell's chromosomes into to new nuclie, each with identical DNA as the orginal nuclie.
Cytokinesis
Division of cell's cytoplasm to produce two new cells.