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79 Cards in this Set

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WHY DO WE USE THE TERM HEART FAILURE NOW INSTEAD OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE?
BECAUSE NOT ALL PATIENTS WITH HEART FAILURE HAVE VOLUME OVERLOAD ON INITIAL PRESENTATION
CLASSIC EXERTIONAL PAIN, PRESSURE, OR DISCOMFORT IN THE CHEST, SHOULDER, BACK, NECK, OR ARM IS SEEN IN 50% OF PATIENTS WITH THIS CONDITION
ANGINA PECTORIS
WHAT IS THE ANNIAL INCIDENCE OF EXERTIONAL ANGINA IN THE POPULATION 30 AND OVER?
1 PER 1000
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
USED TO REFER TO ANY OF THE CLINICAL SYNDROMES CAUSED BY ACUTE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA INCLUDING UNSTABLE ANGINA, NON ST ELEVATION MI, AND ST ELEVATION INFARCTION
TERM USED TO REFER TO ANY OF THE CLINICAL SYNDROMES CAUSED BY ACUTE MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA, INCLUDING UNSTABLE ANGINA, NON ST ELEVATION MI, AND ST ELEVATION INFARCTION
ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
ANTERIOR CHEST PAIN, OFTEN TEARING OR RIPPING, OFTEN RADIATING INTO THE BACK OR NECK IN WHAT CONDITION?
ACUTE AORTIC DISSECTION
SYMPTOMS OR SIGNS OF IRREGULAR HEART ACTION WARRANT WHAT?
AN EKG
WHAT IS THE ONLY IRREGULAR HEART ACTION THAT CAN BE DETECTED BEDSIDE?
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION- IRREGULARLY IRREGULAR
YOU MAY SEE SUDDEN DYSPNEA IN WHAT CONDITIONS?
PULMONARY EMBOLUS, SPONTANEOUS PNEUMOTHORAX, ANXIETY
WHAT CONDITIONS MAY CAUSE ORTHOPNEA?
LEFT VENTRICULAR HEART FAILURE OR MITRAL STENOSIS; ALSO SEEN IN OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE
WHAT CONDITIONS MIGHT YOU SEE PND (PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL DYSPNEA) IN?
IN LEFT VENTRICULAR HEART FALURE OR MITRAL STENOSIS; MAY BE MIMICKED BY NOCTURNAL ASTHMA ATTACKS
WHERE DOES DEPENDENT EDEMA APPEAR?
APPEARS IN THE LOWEST BODY PARTS--THE FEET AND LOWER LEGS WHEN SITTING; OR THE SACRUM WHEN BEDRIDDEN
CAUSES OF DEPENDENT EDEMA
CAUSES MAY BE CARDIAC (CHF0, NUTRITIONAL (HYPOALBUMINEMIA), OR POSITIONAL
YOU MAY SEE PERIORBITAL PUFFINESS AND TIGHT RINGS ON FINGERS IN WHAT CONDITION
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
AN ENLARGED WAISTLINE COULD BE FROM WHAT?
ASCITES OR LIVER FAILURE
EDEMA
ACCUMULATION OF EXCESSIVE FLUID IN THE EXTRAVASCULAR INTERSTITIAL SPACE
IF A PATIENT REPORTS TRANSIENT SKIPS AND FLIP FLOPS WHAT MIGHT THAT INDICATE?
PREMATURE CONTRACTIONS
RAPID REGULAR BEATING OF SUDDEN ONSET AND OFFSET MAY INDICATE WHAT?
PAROXYSMAL SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
A RAPID REGULAR RATE OF LESS THAN 120 BEATS PER MINUTE, ESPECIALLY IF STARTING AND STOPPING MORE GRADUALLY, WHAT IS THE POSSIBLE CAUSE?
POSSIBLY SINUS TACHYCARDIA
HOW MIGHT YOU HAVE TO POSITION A HYPOVOLEMIC PATIENT BEFORE YOU CAN SEE THE NECK VEINS?
MAY HAVE TO LIE FLAT BEFORE YOU CAN SEE THEM
WHEN JUGULAR VENOUS PRESSURE IS INCREASED, WHAT ELEVATION MAY BE REQUIRED TO SEE THE NECK VEINS?
AN ELEVATION UP TO 60 OR EVEN 90 DEGREES MAY BE REQUIRED
INCREASED JUGULAR VENOUS PRESSURE SUGGESTS WHAT?
RIGHT SIDED CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE AND LESS COMMONLY, CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS, TRICUSPID STENOSIS, OR SUPERIOR VENA CAVA OBSTRUCTION
IN PATIENTS WITH THIS CONDITION, VENOUS PRESSURE MAY APPEAR ELEVATED ON EXPIRATION ONLY?
OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE (THE VEINS WILL COLLAPSE ON INSPIRATION)
A ELEVATED JVP IS 98% SPECIFIC FOR WHAT?
AN INCREASED LEFT VENTRICULAR END DIASTOLIC PRESSURE AND LOW LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION, AND IT INCREASED THE RISK OF DEATH FROM HEART FAILURE
WHAT IS THE USUAL CAUSE OF UNILATERAL DISTENTION OF THE EXTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN?
LOCAL KINKING OR OBSTRUCTION
PROMINENT A WAVES MAY BE SEEN WHEN?
IN INCREASED RESISTANCE TO RIGHT ATRIAL CONTRACTION, AS IN TRICUSPID STENOSIS; ALSO IN FIRST DEGREE AV BLOCK, SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, JUNCTIONAL RHYTHMS, PULMONARY HYPERTENSION, AND PULMONIC STENOSIS
ABSENT A WAVES IN WHAT CONDITION?
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
LARGE V WAVES IN WHAT CONDITIONS?
TRICUSPID REGURGITATION, CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS
A TORTUOUS AND KINKED CAROTID ARTERY MAY PRODUCE WHAT?
A UNILATERAL PULSATILE BULGE
CAUSES OF DECREASED CAROTID PULSATION INCLUDE WHAT?
DECREASED STROKE VOLUME AND LOCAL FACTORS IN THER ARTERY SUCH AS ATHEROSCLEROTIC NARROWING OR OCCLUSION
WHAT CAN PRESSURE ON THE CAROTID SINUS CAUSE?
A REFLEX DROP IN PULSE RATE OR BLOOD PRESSURE
WHAT WILL THE PULSE BE LIKE IN CARDIOGENIC SHOCK?
SMALL, THREADY, OR WEAK
THERE WILL BE DELAYED CAROTID UPSTROKE IN WHAT CONDITION?
AORTIC STENOSIS
AN AORTIC VALVE MURMUR MAY RADIATE WHERE?
TO THE NECK AND SOUND LIKE A CAROTID BRUIT
S1 IS DECREASED IN WHAT CONDITION?
FIRST DEGREE HEART BLOCK
S2 IS DECREASED IN WHAT?
AORTIC STENOSIS
THRILLS MAY ACCOMPANY LOUD, HARSH, OR RUMBLING MURMURS SUCH AS (4)
AORTIC STENOSIS, PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS, VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT, AND LESS COMMONLY MITRAL STENOSIS
DEXTROCARDIA
WHEN THE PATIENT'S HEART IS ON THE RIGHT SIDE
SITUS INVERSUS
THE LIVER, HEART, AND STOMACH ARE ALL ON OPPOSITE SIDES FROM NORMAL
WHAT IS A RIGHT SIDED HEART WITH A NORMALLY PLACE LIVER AND STOMACH NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH?
CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE
PREGNANCY OR A HGH LEFT DIAPHRAGM MAY DISPLACE THE APICAL IMPULSE WHERE?
UPWARD AND TO THE LEFT
THE APICAL IMPULSE CAN BE DISPLACED LATERALLY FROM WHAT CONDITIONS?
CARDIAC ENLARGEMENT IN CHF, CARDIOMYOPATHY, ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE
WHAT DOES LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OUTSIDE THE MIDCLAVICULAR LINE INCREASE THE LIKELIHOOD OF?
CARDIAC ENLARGEMENT AND A LOW LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION BY 3-4 AND 10, RESPECTIVELY
IN THE LEFT LATERAL DECUBITUS POSITION, A DIFFUSE PMI WITH A DIAMETER GREATER THAN 3 CM INDICATES WHAT?
LEFT VENTRICULAR ENLARGEMENT
INCREASED AMPLITUDE OF IMPULSES MAY ALSO REFLECT WHAT?
HYPERTHYROIDISM, SEVERE ANEMIA, PRESSURE OVERLOAD OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE (AS IN AORTIC STENOSIS0, OR VOLUME OVERLOAD OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE (AS IN MITRAL REGURGITATION)
A SUSTAINED, HIGH AMPLITUDE IMPULSE THAT IS NORMALLY LOCATED SUGGESTS WHAT?
LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY FROM PRESSURE OVERLOAD (AS IN HYPERTENSION)
IS A SUSTAINED HIGH AMPLITUDE IMPULSE IS DISPLACED LATERALLY, CONSIDER WHAT?
VOLUME OVERLOAD
A SUSTAINED LOW AMPLITUDE (HYPOKINETIC) IMPULSE MAY RESULT FROM WHAT?
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
BRIEF MIDDIASTOLIC IMPULSE INDICATES WHAT?
AN S3
AN IMPULSE JUST BEFORE THE SYSTOLIC APICAL BEAT ITSELF INDICATES WHAT?
AN S4
A MARKED INCREASE IN AMPLITUDE WITH LITTLE OR NO CHANGE IN DURATION OCCURS IN WHAT SITUATIONS?
IN CHRONIC VOLUME OVERLOAD OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE, AS FROM ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
AN IMPULSE WITH INCREASED AMPLITUDE AND DURATION OCCURS WITH PRESSURE OVERLOAD OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE DUE POSSIBLY TO WHAT CONDITIONS?
PULMONIC STENOSIS OR PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
WHERE IS THE IMPULSE FELT EASILY IN PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE?
HIGH IN THE EPIGASTRIUM WHERE HEART HEART SOUNDS ARE OFTEN HEARD BEST; THE HYPERINFLATED LUNGS, WILL HOWEVER, PREVENT PALPATION OF AN ENLARGED RIGHT VENTRICLE IN THE LEFT PARASTERNAL AREA
WHAT CONDITION MIGHT MAKE THE APICAL IMPULSE UNDETECTABLE?
LARGE PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
WHAT TYPE OF APICAL PULSE MIGHT BE FOUND IN A MARKEDLY DILATED FAILING HEART?
A HYPOKINETIC APICAL IMPULSE THAT IS DISPLACED FAR TO THE LEFT
WHAT DOES A PALPABLE S2 IN THE RIGHT 2ND INTERSPACE SUGGEST?
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION
A PULSATION IN THE RIGHT 2ND INTERSPACE SUGGESTS WHAT?
A DILATED OR ANEURYSMAL AORTA
A PROMINENT PULSATION IN THE LEFT 2ND INTERSPACE OFTEN MEANS WHAT?
DILATION OR INCREASED FLOW IN THE PULMONARY ARTERY
WHAT DOES A PALPABLE S2 IN THE LEFT 2ND INTERSPACE SUGGEST?
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
WHAT SHOULD BE USED TO DESCRIBE WHERE MURMURS ARE BEST HEARD?
ANATOMICAL LOCATION WHERE THEAN VLAVE AREA
WHAT POSITION ACCENTUATES OR BRINGS OUT A LEFT SIDED S3 OR S4 AND MITRAL MURMUR, ESPECIALLY MITRAL STENOSIS?
THE LEFT LATERAL DECUBITUS POSITION
SITTING UP, EXHALING COMPLETELY, AND STOPPING BREATHING ON EXHALATION WILL WILL BRING OUT WHAT MURMURS?
AORTIC MURMURS, ESP. AORTIC REGURGUTATION (SOFT DIASTOLIC MURMUR IN THIS POSITION)
WHAT DO DIASTOLIC MURMURS NORMALLY INDICATE?
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
SYSTOLIC MURMURS MAY INDICATE WHAT?
VALVULAR DISEASE BUT OFTEN OCCUR WHEN THE HEART VALVES ARE NORMAL
WHAT NORMALLY IS TEH CAUSE OF MIDSYSTOLIC MURMURS>
BLOOD FLOW ACROSS THE SEMILUNAR (AORTIC AND PULMONIC) VALVES
WHAT IS NORMALLY THE CAUSE OF PANSYSTOLIC MURMURS?
REGURGITANT FLOW ACROSS THE ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES
EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMURS NORMALLY ARE CAUSED BY WHAT?
REGURGITANT FLOW ACROSS INCOMPETENT SEMILUNAR VALVES
A CRESCENDO MURMUR
ONE THAT GROWS LOUDER
A DECRESCENDO MURMUR
ONE THAT GROWS SOFTER
A CRESCENDO-DECRESCENDO MURMUR
FIRST RISES IN INTENSITY AND THEN FALLS
A PLATEAU MURMUR
SAME INTENSITY THROUGHOUT
WHERE DOES THE LOUD MURMUR OF AORTIC STENOSIS RADIATE?
INTO THE NECK (IN THE DIRECTION OF ARTERIAL FLOW)
A MURMUR BEST HEARD IN THE 2ND INTERSPACE OFTEN ORIGINATES WHERE
AT OR NEAR THE AORTIC VALVE
EMPHYSEMATOUS LUNGS DO WHAT TO THE INTENSITY OF MURMURS?
DIMINISH THE INTENSITY
AN IDENTICAL DEGREE OF TURBULENCE WOULD CAUSE A _______ MURMUR IN A THIN PERSON THAN A VERY MUSCULAR OR OBESE PERSON.
LOUDER
MURMURS IN THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART TEND TO VARY WITH ______________ MOTE THAN LEFT SIDED MURMURS.
RESPIRATION
WHAT IS THE ONLY SYSTOLIC MURMUR THAT INCREASES IN INTENSITY DURING THE VALSALVA MANEUVER?
MURMUR OF HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
WHAT INDICATES A PULSUS ALTERNANS?
ALTERNATELY LOUD AND SOFT KOROTKOFF SOUNDS OR A SUDDEN DOUBLING OF THE APPARENT HEART RATE AS THE CUFF PRESSURE DECLINES
WHAT DOES PULSUS ALTERNANS INDICATE?
SEVERE LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE