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258 Cards in this Set

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TYPE I A-C SEPARATION
THE AC JOINT LIGAMENTS ARE PARTIALLY OR COMPLETELY DISRUPTED, BUT THE STRONG CORACOCLAVICULAR (CC) LIGAMENTS ARE INTACT
TYPE OF A-C SEPARATION WHERE THE AC JOINT LIGAMENTS ARE PARTIALLY OR COMPLETELY DISRUPTED, BUT THE STING CORACOCLAVICULAR (CC) LIGAMENTS ARE INTACT
TYPE I A-C SEPARATION
TYPE II A-C SEPARATION
THE AC LIGAMENTS ARE TORN, AND THE CC LIGAMENTS ARE PARTIALLY DISRUPTED
TYPE OF A-C SEPARATION WHERE THE AC LIGAMENTS ARE TORN AND THE CC LIGAMENTS ARE PARTIALLY DISRUPTED
TYPE II A-C SEPARATION
TYPE III A-C SEPARATION
THE AC AND CC LIGAMENTS ARE COMPLETELY DISRUPTED, AND THERE IS COMPLETE SEPARATION OF THE CLAVICLE FROM THE ACROMION
THE TYPE OF A-C SEPARATION WHERE THE AC AND CC LIGAMENTS ARE COMPLETELY DISRUPTED, AND THERE IS COMPLETE SEPARATION OF THE CLAVICLE FROM THE ACROMION
TYPE III A-C SEPARATION
TYPE IV A-C SEPARATION
THE CLAVICLE IS DISPLACED POSTERIORLY AND IS EMBEDDED IN THE TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE
THE CLAVICLE IS DISPLACED POSTERIORLY AND IS EMBEDDED IN THE TRAPEZIUS MUSCLE
TYPE IV A-C SEPARATION
TYPE V A-C SEPARATION
SHOW THE C-C SPACE TO BE INCREASED OVER 100% OF THAT SEEN IN THE OPPOSITE SHOULDER ON X RAY
TYPE VI A-C SEPARATION
RARE AND SHOW THE DISTAL END OF THE CLAVICLE TO LIE EITHER IN THE SUBACROMIAL OR SUBCORACOID SPACE
ACUTE TREATMENT FOR TYPE I TO III A-C SEPARATION
NON-OPERATIVE TX: SHOULDER IMMOBILIZER OR SLING AND SWATHE, ICE, REST AND PAIN MEDICATION, NSAIDS, ACTIVITY MODIFICATION; PT; INJECTIONS WITH OR WITHOUT STEROIDS
WHAT IS THE TX FOR TYPE III A-C SEPARATIONS?
MOST CAN BE TREATED NON OPERATIVELY, BUT REFER ANYWAY TO ORTHO BECAUSE SOME MAY REQUIRE SURGERY
WHAT IS THE TX FOR TYPE IV, V, AND VI A-C SEPARATIONS?
EVALUATION FOR OPERATIVE REPAIR; PROCEDURE KNOWN AS DISTAL CLAVICLE RESECTION (MUMFORD PROCEDURE)
WHAT IS CT SCAN GOOD FOR IMAGING?
BONE; EXCELLENT FOR DEMONSTRATING BONY CHANGES AND DEGREE OF CALCIFICATION WITHIN A LESION
WHAT IS MRI GOOD FOR IMAGING?
SOFT TISSUE; BETTER FOR MALIGNANT TUMORS B/C IT IS BETTER ABLE TO DEFINE EXTENSION OF THE LESION THROUGH THE MEDULLARY CANAL AND INTO SURROUNDING MUSCLE COMPARTMENTS?
WHAT IS AN OSTEOID OSTEOMA?
BENIGN TUMOR OF BONE, ASSOCIATED WITH NIGHT PAIN AND RELIVED WITH ASA
MOST COMMON CLAVICLE FRACTURE
MIDDLE 1/3
HOW COMMON ARE LATERAL AND MEDIAL CLAVICLE FRACTURES?
15% AND 5%, RESPECTIVELY
TREATMENT FOR CLAVICLE FRACTURE
NON-OPERATIVE: ARM SLING FOR 4-6 WKS IN ADULT, 3-4 WKS IN KIDS
HOW IS A CLAVICLE FRACTURE DIAGNOSED?
AP RADIOGRAPH WITH OR WITHOUT WEIGHTS; REPEAT IN 6-8 WEEKS TO CONFIRM HEALING
WHAT IS ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS OR "FROZEN SHOULDER"?
GLENOHUMORAL MOTION THAT WILL PROGRESS FROM AN EARLY FREEZING PHASE OF PAIN AND PROGRESSIVE LOSS OF MOTION TO A THAWING PHASE OF DECREASING DISCOMFORT ASSOCIATED WITH A SLOW BUT STEADY IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE OF MOTION
RECOVERY TIME FOR ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS?
6 MONTHS TO 2 YEARS
TREATMENT FOR PAIN AND RESTRICTED GLENOHUMERAL MOTION THAT ACCOMPANY ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS?
NSAID'S, STRETCHING, WARM COMPRESS
RISK FACTOR FOR ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS
DIABETES MELLITUS, ESPECIALLY TYPE 1 IS THE MOST COMMON RISK FACTOR
WHAT WILL A PLAIN RADIOGRAPH OF ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS SHOW?
OSTEOPENIC APPEARANCE OF BONE
WHAT WILL A ARTHROGRAPHY OF A ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS SHOW?
REDUCED SIZE OF THE CAPSULAR AXILLARY FOLD (CAUSED BY SCARRING OF THE CAPSULE)
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR BICIPITAL TENDONITIS?
ACTIVITY MODIFICATION, NSAIDS, TYLENOL, OR ASA, MODALITIES LIKE ULTRASOUND OR IONTOPHORESIS, STEROID INJECTIONS, ROTATOR CUFF STRENGTHENING
IN WHAT GROUP DO PROXIMAL LONG HEAD BICEPS RUPTURES TAKE PLACE?
MOST OFTEN IN OLDER ADULTS
WHAT IS THE TREATMENT FOR LONG HEAD BICEPS RUPTURES?
NON OPERATIVE TX FOR MOST, RESULTING IN LITTLE LOSS OF FUNCTION AND ACCEPTABLE COSMETIC DEFORMITY (BULGE) IN LOWER ARM; ACTIVITY MODIFICATION IN A SLING FOR 6 WEEKS, NSAIDS, PT FOR ROM AND STRENGTHENING
WHAT GROUP MOST COMMONLY HAS DISTAL LONG HEAD BICEPS RUPTURE?
YOUNG PEOPLE
WHAT IS THE TX FOR DISTAL LONG HEAD BICEPS RUPTURE?
OFTEN SURGICAL REPAIR; OFTEN OCCUR IN YOUNG ADULTS, MANUAL LABORERS, AND ATHLETES WHO NEED THE STRENGTH OF THE EXTREMITY FOR THEIR ACTIVITIES
WHAT IS THE LOSS OF FUNCTIONALITY IN PROXIMAL BICEPS RUPTURES?
10% OF ELBOW FLEXION AND FOREARM SUPINATION STRENGTH MAY BE LOST; COSMETIC DEFORMITY ALSO OCCURS
WHAT IS THE LOSS OF FUNCTIONALITY IN DISTAL BICEPS RUPTURES?
30-50%
TORUS FRACTURE
BUCKLE FRACTURE IN KIDS; COMPRESSION OF BONE
GREEN STICK FRACTURE
PARTIAL THICKNESS BREAK OF THE BONE COMMON IN KIDS DUE TO THE THICK PERIOSTEUM
SPIRAL FRACTURE
AN OBLIQUE FRACTURE THAT ROTATES AROUND THE SHAFT OF THE BONE
OBLIQUE FRACTURE
CLEAN BREAK ON AN ANGLE
TRANSVERSE FRACTURE
CLEAN BREAK HORIZONTALLY
SEGMENTED FRACTURE
LARGE PIECES, BROKEN IN MORE THAN ONE LOCATION
COMMINUTED FRACTURE
SMALL FRAGMENTS, THREE OR MORE IN A SINGLE LOCATION
TYPE I SALTER-HARRIS FRACTURE
OCCULT (HIDDEN) ENERGY WAS TRANSFERRED THROUGH THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE
TYPE 2 SALTER-HARRIS FRACTURE
BREAK THROUGH THE LONG BONE, ENERGY EXITS THE PLATE
TYPE 3 SALTER-HARRIS FRACTURE
ENTERS THE GROWTH PLATE, EXITS THE JOINT; BREAKS THE PLATE IN TWO
TYPE 4 SALTER-HARRIS FRACTURE
BREAK THROUGH THE LONG BONE, AND THEN BREAKS THROUGH THE PLATE
TYPE 5 SALTER-HARRIS FRACTURE
CRUSH INJURY AT THE GROWTH PLATE (BUCKLE)
DELAYED UNION
SLOWER THAN NORMAL HEALING
NON UNION
GREATER THAN 6 MONTHS WITHOUT HEALING
MALUNION
HEALING WITH UNACCEPTABLE DEFORMITY
BONE INFECTION CAUSED BY PYOGENIC ORGANISMS, TB, SYPHILIS, AND VIRAL OR FUNGAL ELEMENTS
OSTEOMYELITIS
MOST COMMON CAUSATIVE ORGANISMS FOR OSTEOMYELITIS (TOP 2)
STAPH AUREUS...FOLLOWED BY HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
FIRST SYMPTOM OF OSTEOMYELITIS
UNRELENTING PAIN
SYMPTOMS OF OSTEOMYELITIS
UNRELENTING PAIN, FEVER, LOCALIZED TENDERNESS, FLUSHED APPEARANCE
WHAT LEADS TO THE DIAGNOSIS AND SITE OF ASPIRATION FOR OSTEOMYELITIS?
FOCAL BONE TENDERNESS
WORKUP FOR OSTEOMYELITIS
WBC, ESR, CRP, X RAYS, BLOOD CULTURE, ASPIRATION OF THE EXPECTED SITE****
WHAT WILL EARLY X RAYS IN OSTEOMYELITIS SHOW?
WILL BE NEGATIVE OR SHOW ONLY SOFT TISSUE SWELLING; SHOULD BE OBTAINED TO RULE OUT OTHER CONDITIONS
TX FOR OSTEOMYELITIS
IV ANTIBIOTICS ASAP
WHY DOES SEPTIC ARTHRITIS USUALLY OCCUR?
AS A RESULT OF INOCULATION OF A JOINT BY BACTERIA
WHAT JOINTS DOES SEPTIC ARTHRITIS MOST OFTEN AFFECT?
THE LARGE JOINTS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES AND OCCASIONALLY THE SACROILIAC JOINT
HOW DO JOINT INFECTIONS IN CHILDREN (MOST COMMON) DEVELOP?
AS A RESULT OF HEMATOGENOUS SEEDING FROM SOURCES SUCH AS RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF IMPETIGO OR BY DIRECT EXTENSION FROM PENETRATING WOUNDS OR AN ADJACENT OSTEOMYELITIS
WHEN YOU SEE HEMATOGENOUS SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN ADULTS, WHAT CONDITIONS MOST LIKELY EXIST ALSO?
AN ASSOCIATED ARTHRITIC CONDITION SUCH AS RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS OR AN UNDERLYING MEDICAL CONDITION THAT AFFECTS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
WHAT JOINT DO GONORRHEAL INFECTIONS MOST OFTEN CAUSE SEPTIC ARTHRITIS?
THE KNEE
SYMPTOMS OF AN INFANT OF CHILD WITH SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
SERIOUSLY AND ACUTELY ILL, WITH HIGH FEVER, TACHYCARDIA, IRRITABILITY, AND PAIN WITH MOTION IN ANY LIMB; CHILDREN WHO CAN WALK WILL REFUCE
OLDER PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS WITH A TOTAL JOINT ARTHROPLASTY MAY PRESENT HOW?
THEY MAY HAVE ONLY A VAGUE SENSE OF DISCOMFORT IN THE JOINT
HOW LONG AFTER INOCULATION CAN YOU DETECT ARTICULAR CARTILAGE DAMAGE IN SEPTIC ARTHRITIS? WHAT CAUSES THE DAMAGE?
CAN BE DETECTED WITH 48 TO 72 HOURS; CAUSE BY THE RELEASE OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES FROM THE BACTERIA, NEUTROPHILS, AND OTHER INFLAMMATORY CELLS RELEASED AGAINST BACTERIA
PHYSICAL EXAM OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
MAY FIND THE SOURCE OF INFECTION (LIKE A FURUNCLE OR ABSCESS OR PENETRATING WOUND NEAR SITE), PASSIVE MOTION OF THE JOINT WILL CAUSE SEVERE PAIN, PALPATION OF THE JOINT WILL SHOW WARMTH AND EFFUSION
WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ACTION TO TAKE WHEN YOU SUSPECT JOINT INFECTION?
ASPIRATE IMMEDIATELY AND ANALYZE THE JOINT FLUID
WHAT DOES ANALYSIS OF SYNOVIAL FLUID IN SEPTIC ARTHRITIS SHOW?
A WBC OF GREATER THAN 50,000 PER MM3, OFTEN THE WBC IS OVER 100,000
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN NEONATES (PATHOGENS)
STAPH AUREUS, GROUP B STREP
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN KIDS LESS THAN 5
S. AUREUS, GROUP A STREP, STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN KIDS GREATER THAN 5 AND ADOLESCENTS
S. AUREUS
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNGER ADULTS
N. GONORRHOEAE, S. AUREUS
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN OLDER ADULTS
S. AUREUS
IF YOU FAIL TO IMMEDIATELY TREATE SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN THE HIP JOINT OF A YOUNG CHILD, WHAT IS THE RESULT?
SUBLUXATION, DISLOCATION, AND OR OSTEONECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD
TREATMENT OF CHOICE FOR SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
PROMPT IV ANTIBIOTICS AND JOINT DRAINAGE
MOST COMMON COMPARTMENTS WITH COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG AND THE VOLAR ASPECT OF THE FOREARM
SYMPTOMS OF COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
PAIN THAT IS DISPROPORTIONATE TO THE INJURY AND SENSORY HYPOESTHESIA DISTAL TO THE INVOLVED COMPARTMENT THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC EARLY SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
WHAT WILL PE SHOW IN COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?
EXTREME PAIN ON STRETCHING OF LONG MUSCLES THAT PASS THROUGH A COMPARTMENT
WHAT IS A STRYKER MONITOR?
NEEDLE PRESSURE DEVICE USED TO MEASURE IN COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
WHEN IS THE STRYKER TEST INDICATIVE OF COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME WHEN DIASTOLIC PRESSURE MINUS THE INTRACOMPARTMENTAL PRESSURE IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 30 MM HG OR AN ABSOLUTE PRESSURE OF 40 MM HG OR HIGHER WITHIN THE COMPARTMENT
TREATMENT FOR COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
SURGICAL FASCIOTOMY- WOUND IS LEFT OPEN WITH DELAYED CLOSURE OR SKIN GRAFTING PERFORMED AFTER SWELLING HAS SUBSIDED
WHAT JOINT DO GONORRHEAL INFECTIONS MOST OFTEN CAUSE SEPTIC ARTHRITIS?
THE KNEE
SYMPTOMS OF AN INFANT OF CHILD WITH SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
SERIOUSLY AND ACUTELY ILL, WITH HIGH FEVER, TACHYCARDIA, IRRITABILITY, AND PAIN WITH MOTION IN ANY LIMB; CHILDREN WHO CAN WALK WILL REFUCE
OLDER PATIENTS WITH SEPSIS WITH A TOTAL JOINT ARTHROPLASTY MAY PRESENT HOW?
THEY MAY HAVE ONLY A VAGUE SENSE OF DISCOMFORT IN THE JOINT
HOW LONG AFTER INOCULATION CAN YOU DETECT ARTICULAR CARTILAGE DAMAGE IN SEPTIC ARTHRITIS? WHAT CAUSES THE DAMAGE?
CAN BE DETECTED WITH 48 TO 72 HOURS; CAUSE BY THE RELEASE OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES FROM THE BACTERIA, NEUTROPHILS, AND OTHER INFLAMMATORY CELLS RELEASED AGAINST BACTERIA
PHYSICAL EXAM OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
MAY FIND THE SOURCE OF INFECTION (LIKE A FURUNCLE OR ABSCESS OR PENETRATING WOUND NEAR SITE), PASSIVE MOTION OF THE JOINT WILL CAUSE SEVERE PAIN, PALPATION OF THE JOINT WILL SHOW WARMTH AND EFFUSION
WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT ACTION TO TAKE WHEN YOU SUSPECT JOINT INFECTION?
ASPIRATE IMMEDIATELY AND ANALYZE THE JOINT FLUID
WHAT DOES ANALYSIS OF SYNOVIAL FLUID IN SEPTIC ARTHRITIS SHOW?
A WBC OF GREATER THAN 50,000 PER MM3, OFTEN THE WBC IS OVER 100,000
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN NEONATES (PATHOGENS)
STAPH AUREUS, GROUP B STREP
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN KIDS LESS THAN 5
S. AUREUS, GROUP A STREP, STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE, HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN KIDS GREATER THAN 5 AND ADOLESCENTS
S. AUREUS
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNGER ADULTS
N. GONORRHOEAE, S. AUREUS
CAUSES OF SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN OLDER ADULTS
S. AUREUS
IF YOU FAIL TO IMMEDIATELY TREATE SEPTIC ARTHRITIS IN THE HIP JOINT OF A YOUNG CHILD, WHAT IS THE RESULT?
SUBLUXATION, DISLOCATION, AND OR OSTEONECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD
TREATMENT OF CHOICE FOR SEPTIC ARTHRITIS
PROMPT IV ANTIBIOTICS AND JOINT DRAINAGE
MOST COMMON COMPARTMENTS WITH COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THE LEG AND THE VOLAR ASPECT OF THE FOREARM
SYMPTOMS OF COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
PAIN THAT IS DISPROPORTIONATE TO THE INJURY AND SENSORY HYPOESTHESIA DISTAL TO THE INVOLVED COMPARTMENT THAT ARE CHARACTERISTIC EARLY SYMPTOMS OF ACUTE COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
WHAT WILL PE SHOW IN COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?
EXTREME PAIN ON STRETCHING OF LONG MUSCLES THAT PASS THROUGH A COMPARTMENT
WHAT IS A STRYKER MONITOR?
NEEDLE PRESSURE DEVICE USED TO MEASURE IN COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
WHEN IS THE STRYKER TEST INDICATIVE OF COMPARTMENT SYNDROME?
COMPARTMENT SYNDROME WHEN DIASTOLIC PRESSURE MINUS THE INTRACOMPARTMENTAL PRESSURE IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 30 MM HG OR AN ABSOLUTE PRESSURE OF 40 MM HG OR HIGHER WITHIN THE COMPARTMENT
TREATMENT FOR COMPARTMENT SYNDROME
SURGICAL FASCIOTOMY- WOUND IS LEFT OPEN WITH DELAYED CLOSURE OR SKIN GRAFTING PERFORMED AFTER SWELLING HAS SUBSIDED
CORRELATE "PAIN OUT OF PROPORTION TO INJURY" PRIMARILY WITH WHAT CONDITION?
COMPLEX REGIONAL PAIN SYNDROME
WHAT CHARACTERIZES TYPE I CRPS OR REFLEX SYMPATHETIC DYSTROPHY (RSD)?
PAIN THAT EXTENDS BEYOND THE AREA SUPPLIED BY A PERIPHERAL NERVE AND IS OUT OF PROPORTION TO THE INCITING EVENT
TYPE II (CAUSALGIA) IS SIMILAR TO TYPE I (RSD SYNDROME) CRPS EXCEPT FOR WHAT?
IT FOLLOWS A NERVE INJURY
MOST COMMON INJURY THAT PRECIPITATES RSD
A DISTAL RADIUS FRACTURE
DESCRIBE PHASE I OF CRPS
FIRST 3 MONTHS, SEVERE BURNING AND THROBBING PAIN, SWELLING, SWEATING, RED AND BLUE SKIN CHANGES, INCREASED HAIR AND NAIL GROWTH
DESCRIBE PHASE II OF CRPS
AFTER 3 MONTHS, MILDER PERSISTENT PAIN, PALE AND WAXY SKIN WITH LOSS OF SKIN LINES, JOINT STIFFNESS, MUSCLE SPASM, AND BRITTLE NAILS
DESCRIBE PHASE III OF CRPS
JOINT CONTRACTURE, MOTION LOSS, RETURN OF SEVERE PERSISTENT PAIN, MUSCLE AND SKIN ATROPHY
TREATMENT FOR CRPS
IMMEDIATE REFERRAL TO THERAPIST, NEUROLOGY CONSULT, RX- NUERONTIN, ELAVIL, AND NARCOTICS; PAIN SPECIALIST FOR NERVE BLOCKS, ORAL STEROIDS AND NSAIDS ARE NOT RECOMMENDED
WHAT IS THE RECOVERY TIME FOR CRPS?
LONG SLOW RECOVERY AND MAY NOT RETURN TO 100%
MONOSODIUM URATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION
GOUT
MOT FREQUENT MANIFESTATION OF GOUT
ARTHRITIS
MOST COMMON SITE OF GOUT DEPOSITION
METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT OF THE GREAT TOE (PODAGRA)
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF GOUT
BEGINS IN SINGLE JOINT WITH SYMPTOMS FIRST COMING AT NIGHT, OVERLYING ERYTHEMA THAT RESEMBLES CELLULITIS OR SEPTIC JOINT, PAIN AND SWELLING OR INTENSE, TOPHI OR SOFT TISSUE MASSES SEVERAL YEARS FOLLOWING ONSET
WHAT ARE TOPHI?
SOFT TISSUE MASSES RESULTING FROM URATE CRYSTAL DEPOSITION (NOTED IN GOUT SEVERAL YEARS FOLLOWING ONSET)
CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE DEPOSITION
PSEUGOGOUT
MOST COMMONLY INVOLVED JOINT IN PSEUDOGOUT
KNEE; AS WELL AS OTHER LARGE JOINTS
WHAT IS THE MANIFESTATION OF PSEUDOGOUT
CRYSTALS RESIDE IN CARTILAGE WITHIN JOINTS AND SHED INTO THE JOINT, CAUSING DEPOSITION
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF PSEUDOGOUT
CHONDROCALCINOSIS (CALCIFICATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OR MENISCUS, USUALLY AT THE PERIPHERY OF THE JOINT)
WHAT IS CHONDROCALCINOSIS?
CALCIFICATION OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE OR MENISCUS, USUALLY AT THE PERIPHERY OF A JOINT
PATIENTS WITH PSEUDOGOUT WILL HAVE ___________ MOTION AND NO _____________. PAIN IS USUALLY _________.
NORMAL; SWELLING/ERYTHEMA; MILD
IF YOU SUSPECT SEPTIC ARTHRITIS, WHAT DO YOU DO?
OBTAIN A GRAM STAIN AND CULTURE OF THE SYNOVIAL FLUID
MOST COMMON JOINT FOR PSEUDOGOUT
KNEE MOST COMMON
PAIN LEVEL IN PSEUDOGOUT
USUALLY MILD PAIN
PAIN LEVEL IN GOUT
MODERATE TO SEVERE PAIN
TOPHI- GOUT OR PSEUDOGOUT?
GOUT
CHONDROCALCINOSIS- GOUT OR PSEUDOGOUT
PSEUDOGOUT
GOUT OR PSEUDOGOUT- 1ST MTP JOINT MOST COMMON
GOUT
WHAT IS CRITICAL IN ACUTE ARTHRITIS?
JOINT ASPIRATION AND ANALYSIS OF SYNOVIAL FLUID
IF YOU EXAMINE JOOINT FLUID IN EXPECTED PSEUDOGOUT WHAT SHOULD BE SEEN?
UNDER POLARIZED MICROSCOPE, THE CHARACTERISTIC WEAKLY POSITIVE, BIREFRINGENT RHOMBOID-SHAPED CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE CRYSTALS
WHAT LABS SHOULD BE DONE IN SUSPECTED GOUT?
SERUM URIC ACID LEVELS (90% UNDERECRETE URIC ACID IN URINE)
TREATMENT FOR ACUTE GOUT
ACUTE GOUT- COLCHICINE OR INDOMETHACIN; ASPIRATION AND INJECTION WITH CORTICOSTEROID
TREATMENT FOR CHRONIC GOUT
ANTURANE OR PROBENECID FOR UNDERSECRETERS, ALLOPURINAL FOR OVERPRODUCERS; SMALL DAILY DOSES OF COLCHILINE OR INDOMETHACIN MAY LIMIT SYMPTOMS IF GIVEN AT FIRST SIGN OF INFLAMMATION
WHAT IS DISH?
DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROTOSIS
NORMAL AGE FOR PRESENTATION OF BRONCHIOGENIC CARCINOMA
50-70, FEW LESS THAN 40
WHAT IS THE GREATEST RISK FACTOR FOR LUNG CANCER?
SMOKING
PRIMARY LUNG CANCERS IN THIS GROUP ARE RARE
NONSMOKERS
FOUR TYPES OF LUNG CANCER
SQUAMOUS CELL, SMALL CELL, LARGE CELL, ADENOCARCINOMA
WHERE DOES SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF LUNGS ORIGINATE?
IN CENTRAL BRONCHI AS INTRALUMINAL GROWTH
WHERE DOES SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA MET TO?
REGIONAL LYMPH NODES
MOST COMMON LUNG CANCERS
SQUAMOUS CELL AND ADENOCARCINOMA
THIS LUNG CANCER OCCURS CENTRALLY AND TENDS TO NARROW BRONCHI BY EXTRINSIC COMPRESSION
SMALL CELL CARCINOMA
WHERE DOES SMALL CELL CARCINOMA MET TO?
WIDESPREAD METASTASES COMMON
WHAT IS THE PROGNOSIS FOR SMALL CELL CARCINOMA OF LUNGS?
UNTREATED 6 TO 14 WEEKS; TREATED 40 TO 70 WEEKS
THESE TWO LUNG CANCERS RESEMBLE EACH OTHER IN CLINICAL BEHAVIOR
ADENOCARCINOMA AND LARGE CELL
WHERE DO ADENOCARCINOMA AND LARGE CELL USUALLY APPEAR AND METASTASIZE?
APPEAR IN PERIPHERY AND MET TO DISTANT ORGANS
SIGNS ANS SYMPTOMS OF LARGE CELL AND ADENOCARCINOMA
OFTEN ASSYMPTOMATIC, USUALLY NON SPECIFIC COMPLAINTS LIKE POOR APPETITE, WEIGHT LOSS, POOR APPETITE, COUGH, DYSPNEA, HOARSENESS, AND HEMOPTYSIS; PE MAY BE NORMAL; XRAY MAY HAVE MANY OR NO ABNORMALITIES; MAY HAVE HEPATOMEGALY OR LYMPHADENOPATHY
POSTERIOR DISPLACEMENT OF THE EYE
ENOPTHLAMOS
WHAT ARE PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES?
NON LUNG SYNDROMES THAT YOU OFTEN SEE BEFORE DIAGNOSING CANCER; MAY CURE AS LUNG CANCER TUMORS ARE CURED OR MADE SMALLER
EXAMPLES OF PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROMES?
SIADH, CUSHING'S, HYPERCALCINEMIA, CLUBBING OF FINGERS, DIC, ETC.
SMALL CELL CANCER CAN CAUSE SIADH. WHAT IS IT?
SYNDROME OF INAPPROPRAITE SECRETION OF ADH
IF YOU HAVE A SUPERIOR VENA CAVA OBSTRUCTION, WHAT WILL IT CAUSE?
PROGRESSIVE OBSTRUCTION OF VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, NECK, AND UPPER EXTREMETITES
LAB WORK UP FOR ALL LUNG CANCERS
CBC, LFT, LYTES WITH CALCIUM, CXR NORMALLY ABNORMAL, CYTOLOGY IS DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS- THROUGH SPUTUM
DEFINITIVE DIAGNOSIS FOR LUNG CANCER
CYTOLOGY- NEEDLE BIOPSY, PLEURAL FLUID, LYMPH NODE BIOPSY, BIOPSY TO MET SITES, OPEN THORACOTOMY, AND DIRECT VISULAIZATION
WHAT IS ESSENTAIL TO DETERMINING STAGING, TX, AND PROGNOSIS FOR LUNG CANCER?
KNOWING THE SPECIFIC CANCER TYPE
WHAT CAN TUMOR DESTRUCTION OF RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE CAUSE?
RECURRENT LARYNGEAL NERVE PALSY RESULTING HOARSENESS
WHAT DOES TUMOR OF THE PHRENIC NERVE CAUSE?
PALSY WHICH RESULTS IN HEMIDIAPHRAGM PARALYSIS
IDIOPATHIC TYPE OF OSTEOARTHRITIS CHARACTERIZED BY STRIKING OSTEOPHYTE FORMATION IN THE SPINE
DISH
PATIENTS WITH THIS CONDITION WILL HAVE OSSIFICATION IN THREE OR MORE INTERVETEBRAL DISCS MOST COMMONLY IN THE THORACIC OR THORACOLUMNAR SPINE
DISH
WHAT POPULATION IS MOST LIKELY TO HAVE DISH?
WHITE MEN WHO ARE 60 OR OLDER
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS OF DISH
STIFFNESS IN SPINE, ESP. IN THE MORNING OR LATE EVENING; SYMPTOMS HAVE BEEN PRESENT FOR SEVERAL MONTHS OR EVEN YEARS
HOW ARE MANY ASSYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS WITH DISH DIAGNOSED?
ON A CHEST X RAY FOR AN UNRELATED CONDITION
DIAGNOSIS FOR DISH
BY CHEST X-RAY---SHOWS OSSIFICATION SPANNING THE INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS OF AT LEAST FOUR CONTIGUOUS VERTEBRAL BODIES; DISK HEIGHT IS PRESERVED IN FUSED SEGMENTS; NORMAL SACROILIAC JOINTS ON X RAY; OSSIFICATION OF THE POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL LIGAMENT IN CERVICAL SPINE; NO HLA ASSOCIATION
TX FOR DISH
WALKING AND EXERCISE PROGRAM ARE MOST COMMON INITIAL TX; INTERMITTENT NSAID'S BUT PAIN IS USUALLY MILD AND TOLERABLE
OFTEN THE PRESENTING COMPLAINT IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS
BACK PAIN IN ADULTS; MORE LIKELY TO AFFECT LOWER EXTREMITIES IN CHILDREN- WILL PRESENT WITH ENTHESITIS
WHAT JOINTS DOES ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS USUALLY INVOLVE IN ADULTS?
SACROILIAC JOINTS AND THE SPINE
WHAT IS THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AS AND HLA-B27?
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN THEM IS HIGH; ESP. IN WHITE PATIENTS WHO HAVE A HLA-B27 POSITIVE RATE OF 95%
DIAGNOSIS OF FIBROMYALGIA
WIDESPREAD PAIN THAT HAS BEEN PRESENT FOR THREE MONTHES, AXIAL SKELETAL PAIN MAY BE PRESENT, SLEEP DISTURBANCES, MUSCLE STIFFNESS, SHORT TERM MEMORY LOSS, FATIGUE; DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY WITH MULTIPLE SOMATIC COMPLAINTS
MULTIPLE SOMATIC COMPLAINTS IN FMS INCLUDE
HA, CHEST PAIN, BURSITIS/TENDINITIS, CYSTITIS, IBS, PARESTHESIAS IN THE HANDS AND FEET, PE, TENDERNESS TO PALPATION OVER 11 OF 18 TENDER POINT SITES
TX FOR FMS
FMS IN NOT PROGRESSIVE OR LIFE THREATENING; TRICYLCIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS, CYCLOBENZAPRINE, AND NSAIDS FOR PAIN CONTROL, FLUOXETINE (PROZAC) TO REDUCE SEVERE DEPRESSION, ULTRAM (TRAMADOL), TOPICAL AGENTS SUCH AS CAPSAICIN CREAM APPLIED TO TENDER AREAS, AEROBIC EXERCISE ANS STRECTH PROGRAM, DIETITIAN IF WEIGHT LOSS IS NEEDED
C5 DERMATOME
AXILLARY NERVE, DELTOID-SHOULDER ABDUCTION, LATERAL ASPECT ARM (SENSORY)
C6 DERMATOME
MUSCULOCUTANEOUS NERVE; BICEPS-ELBOW FLEXION; SENSORY- LATERAL PROXIMAL FOREARM
C7 DERMATOME
FLEXOR POLLICUS LONGUS- THUMB FLEXION; SENSORY- TIP OF THUMB, VOLAR ASPECT
C8 DERMATOME
ULNAR NERVE, FIRST DORSAL INTEROSSEOUS ABDUCTION; TIP OF LITTLE FINGER, VOLAR ASPECT
T1 DERMATOME
RADIAL NERVE; EXTENSOR POLLICUS LONGUS- THUMB EXTENSION; SENSORY- DORSUM THUMB WEBSPACE
MUSCLES THAT OBTURATOR NERVES INNERVATE
ADDUCTORS- HIP ADDUCTION
OBTURATOR PROVIDES SENSORY TO WHAT
MEDIAL ASPECT, MID THIGH
DTR 0
REFLEX ABSENT
DTR 1+
REFLEX SOMEWHAT DIMINISHED
DTR +2
REFLEX AVERAGE, NORMAL
DTR +3
REFLEX BRISKER THAN AVERAGE
DTR +4
REFLEX VERY BRISK; HYPERACTIVE
STRENGTH GRADE 5
NORMAL- COMPLETE RANGE OF MOTION AGAINST GRAVITY WITH NORMAL RESISTANCE
STRENGTH GRADE 4
GOOD- COMPLETE RANGE OF MOTION AGAINST GRAVITY WITH SOME RESISTANCE
STRENGTH GRADE 3
FAIR- COMPLETE RANGE OF MOTION AGAINST GRAVITY
STRENGTH GRADE 2
POOR- COMPLETE RANGE OF MOTION WITH GRAVITY ELIMINATED
STRENGTH GRADE 1
MUSCLE CONTRACTION BUT NO OR VERY LIMITED JOINT MOTION
STRENGTH GRADE 0
ZERO NO EVIDENCE OF MUSCLE FUNCTION
RADIOGRAPHIC CLUES FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS
FAIRBANK'S SIGNS- LOSS OF JOINT SPACE, SCLEROSIS, SUBCHONDRAL CYSTS, AND SPURS (OSTEOPHYTES) AT THE JOINT MARGIN
TX FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS
PT, BRACING, WEIGHT LOSS, PAIN MGMT WITH NSAIDS, CORTICOSTEROIDS OR VICO-SUPPLEMENT INJECTIONS, JOINT DEBRIDEMENT (ARTHROSCOPY), JOINT REPLACEMENT POSSIBLY WHEN PAIN AT NIGHT, PAIN AT REST, OR UNACCEPTABLE LOSS OF JOINT FUNCTION, FUSION (ARTHRODESIS)
WHAT OVERUSE SYNDROME IS ASSOCIATED WITH RA?
CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME
WHAT ARE THE PRESENTING SYMPTOMS FOR LYME'S DISEASE?
VARIABLE CONSTITUTIONAL AND FLU LIKE SYMPTOMS, DISTINCTIVE SKIN LESION (ERYTHEMA MIGRANS) ORIGINATING AND EXPANDING FROM THE SITE OF THE TICK BITE
JOINT COMMONLY AFFECTED BY LYME'S DISEASE
KNEE
ETIOLOGY OF LYME'S DISEASE
DEER TICK- BORRELIA BURGDORFERI
WHEN DO WE INITIATE TX FOR OSTEOPOROSIS FOLLOWING A DEXA SCAN?
WHEN BMD SCORES ARE TWO STANDARD DEVIATIONS BELOW THOSE OF A YOUNG NORMAL ADULT IN THE ABSENCE OF RISK FACTORS, OR 1.5 STANDARD DEVIATIONS BELOW NORMAL WHEN THERE ARE RISK FACTORS
WHAT IS ACTIVE ROM?
PATIENT PERFORMS THE STRETCH, EXERCISE
WHAT IS PASSIVE ROM?
THE THERAPIST OR OUTSIDE FORCE IS USED TO STRETCH OR MOVE THE JOINT
THIS SHOULD BE DONE AT A SLOW, CONTROLLED RATE THROUGH SAFE PARAMETERS OF THE PATIENT'S ROM
STRENGTHENING EXERCISES
CRYOTHERAPY
USED TO DECREASE SWELLING, INFLAMMATION, AND PAIN
THERMOTHERAPY
INCREASES BLOOD FLOW, PROMOTES HEALING AND MUSCULAR RELAXATION
PHONOPHORESIS
TYPE OF ULTRASOUND TO DELIVER TOPICAL MEDICATION
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
COMMONLY USED FOR DECREASING PAIN AND EDEMA, REGAINING STRENGTH, AND PREVENTING ATROPHY
IONTOPHORESIS
USES TOPICAL MEDICATION WITH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION FOR CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS- MORE EFFECTIVE ON SUPERFICIAL AREAS AND OFTEN TRIED BEFORE INJECTIONS
STRETCHING SHOULD BE DONE LIKE THIS
SLOWLY AND MAINTAINED FOR 20 TO 30 SECONDS WITHOUT BOUNCING
MOST COMMON TYPE OF SHOULDER INSTABILITY
ANTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL INSTABILITY
THIS TYPE OF SHOULDER INSTABILITY HAS A HIGH RECURRENCE RATE, ESPECIALLY IN YOUNG ADULTS; PATIENTS PRESENT WITH THE ARM ABDUCTED AND EXTERNALLY ROTATED
ANTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL INSTABILITY
WHAT IS A HILL SACHS DEFECT?
IMPRESSION FRACTURE IN THE POSTEROLATERAL HUMERAL HEAD
WHAT IS A BONY BANKHART LESION?
ANTERIOR INFERIOR GLENOID RIM INJURY
WHAT POPULATION WILL GET GREATER TUBEROSITY FRACTURE
OLDER PATIENTS
WHICH IS MORE COMMON A OR P GLENOHUMERAL INSTABILITY?
ANTERIOR
THIS CAN BE CAUSES BY SEIZURE/SHOCK WHEN THE INTERNAL ROTATORS OF THE SHOULDER OVERPOWER THE EXTERNAL ROTATORS
POSTERIOR GLENOHUMERAL INSTABILITY- DISLOCATION
REVERSE HILL SACHS DEFECT
HATCHET SHAPED ANTERIOR HUMERAL HEAD IMPRESSION FRACTURE
REVERSE BANKART LESION
ON THE POSTERIOR GLENOID RIM
WHAT ARE THE ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES?
- TERES MINOR, SUPRASPINATUS, INFRASPINATUS, SUBSCAPULARIS
ACTION OF SUPRASPINATUS
ABDUCTION OF THE ARM AT THE SHOULDER JOINT
TESTS FOR SUPRASPINATUS
WEAKNESS WITH ABDUCTION FORWARD FLEXION, UNABLE TO HOLD ARM ABOVE 90 DEGREES (DROP ARM TEST) AND SUPRASPINATUS ISOLATION (JOB) TEST- BEER CAN TEST
ACTION OF INFRASPINATUS AND TERES MINOR
EXTERNAL ROTATION
TEST FOR INFRASPINATUS AND TERES MINOR
WEAKNESS WITH EXTERNAL ROTATION
ACTION OF SUBSCAPULARIS
INTERNAL ROTATION
TEST FOR SUBSCAPULARIS
WEAKNESS WITH INTERNAL ROTATION
MC CAUSE OF REITER'S
CHLAMYDIA
CONJUNCTIVITIS, ENTHESITIS, AND URETHRITIS ARE FOUND IN WHAT CONDITION
REITER'S
ARTHRITIS FREQUENTLY ANTEDATES SKIN PROBLEMS WHEN THIS TYPE OF ARTHRITIS OCCURS IN CHILDHOOD
PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
IN THIS TYPE OF ARTHRITIS, SKIN PROBLEMS PRECEDE JOINT PAIN
PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
HOW DO CORTICOSTEROID INJECTIONS WORK?
DECREASE OF INFLAMMATION AND PROSTAGLANDIN FORMATION AND FORMATION OF GRANULATION TISSUE; THEY BLOCK GLUCOSE UPTAKE IN THE TISSUES, ENHANCE PROTEIN BREAKDOWN, AND DECREASE NEW PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
RISKS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS
ELEVATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS- USE WITH CAUTION IN DIABETICS; LIPODYSTROPHY- DIVETS IN BUTT; HYPOPIGMENTATION; TENDON RUPTURE; POSSIBLE INFECTION
GRADE 1 SPRAIN
PARTIAL TEAR, NO INSTABILITY OR OPENING OF THE JOINT WITH STRESS
GRADE 2 SPRAIN
PARTIAL TEAR WITH SOME INSTABILITY
GRADE 3 SPRAIN
COMPLETE TEAR WITH COMPLETE JOINT OPENING
DIAGNOSTIC FOR IMPINGMENT
INFLAMMATION OF THE SUBACROMIAL BURSA AND UNDERLYING ROTATOR CUFF TENDONS; USUALLY PINCHING OF THE TENDONS ESP SUPRASPINATUS BY A SUB ACROMIAL SPUR
IMPINGEMENT SIGN
PASSIVE FORWARD FLEXION FROM 130 TO 170 DEGREES RESULTS IN PAIN
SYMPTOMS OF IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME
GRADUAL ONSET OF ANTERIOR AND LATERAL SHOULDER PAIN EXACERBATED BY OVERHEAD ACTIVITY IS CHARACTERISTIC, NIGHT PAIN AND DIFFICULTY SLEEPING ON THE AFFECTED SIDE
PE IN IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME
PALPATION OVER THE GREATER TUBEROSITY AND SUBACROMIAL BURSA COMMONLY ELICITS TENDERNESS AND CREPITUS WITH SHOULDER MOTION
MODIFIED NEER'S IMPINGEMENT SIGN
INTERNAL ROTATION AND PASSIVE FORWARD FLEXION INCREASES THE PATIENT'S PAIN
HAWKINS TEST
FORWARD FLEXION WITH PASSIVE INTERNAL ROTATION LEADS TO IMPINGEMENT PAIN
NON ORGANIC SIGNS OR SYMPTOMS
PAIN OR SYMPTOMS THAT APPEAR TO "TRAVEL" FROM ONE SIDE OR AREA OF THE BODY TO ANOTHER IN A NON-ANATOMIC FASHION AND GLOBAL PAIN ARE CHARACTERISTIC; NON SEGMENTAL NUMBNESS (DOES NOT FIT NERVE ROOT OR PERIPHERAL NERVE PATTERN)
SYMPTOMS OF NON ORGANIC SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
EXAGGERATE RESPONSES (LIGHT TOUCH CAUSES A JERK OR WITHDRAWAL); GRIMACING, GROANING, OR GRABBING THE AFFECTED EXTREMITY WHEN THERE IS NO OBVIOUS INJURY; GIVING WAY DURING MUSCLE TESTING; STOCKING GLOVE DISTRIBUTION-NUMBNESS
OCCUPATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH OVERUSE INJURIES
MANUAL LABOR, SPORTS
CLINICAL SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH SHOULDER ARTHRITIS
DIFFUSE OR DEEP SEATED PAIN, POSTERIOR ASPECT OF THE SHOULDER FOR GH ARTHRITIS AND ANTERIOR ASPECT FOR A-C ARTHRITIS; INITIALLY PAIN IS AGGRAVATED BY ACTIVITY; LATER ANY MVMT OF JOINT CAUSES PAIN, REST AND NIGHT PAIN OCCUR MORE OFTEN; ROM LIMITED PROGRESSIVELY, ADL ARE DIFFICULT
WHEN ARE ATHLETES ALLOWED TO RETURN TO SPORTS FOLLOWING SPORTS RELATED INJURIES?
COMPLETE RESOLUTION OF PAIN AND NEUROLOGIC SYMPTOMS, AS WELL AS NORMAL NEUROLOGIC EXAM AND FULL RANGE OF CERVICAL SPINE MOTION
DVT
HYPERCOAGULATION, OBSTRUCTION OF VENOUS OUTFLOW, AND/OR ENDOTHELIAL TRAUMA THAT PRECIPITATES VENOUS CLOT FORMATION
SIGN IN DVT
PAIN OR SWELLING IN THE CALF OR THIGH- UNILATERAL NORMALLY
TX FOR DVT
WARFARIN OR HEPARIN; PNEUMATIC COMPRESSION BOOTS AFTER SURGERY
PE SYMPTOMS
DYSPNEA, HEMOPTYSIS, TACHYCARDIA, PLEURAL RUB, TACHYPNEA, AND SOMETIMES CIRCULATORY COLLAPSE
TX FOR PE
MOST DIE WITHIN 30 MIN OF ACUTE ATTACK- TOO SOON FOR ANTICOAGULATION TO BE EFFECTIVE; PROPHYLAXIS OF WARFARIN OR HEPARIN TO REDUCE RISK
WHEN WOULD YOU NOT USE A SPLINT
OPEN WOUNDS OR FRACTURES
OPEN FRACTURE
THERE IS A BREAK IN THE SKIN OR SOFT TISSUE COVERING A FRACTURE
CLOSED FRACTURE
SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE OVER AND NEAR THE FRACTURE IS INTACT
FEMORAL NERVE- WHAT MUSCLE
QUADRICEPS- KNEE EXTENSION
FEMORAL NERVE- SENSORY
PROXIMAL TO MEDIAL MALLEOLUS
PERONEAL (DEEP AND SUPERFICIAL BRANCHES) NERVE- MUSCLES
EXTENSOR HALLICUS LONGUS- GREAT TOE EXTENSION; PERONEUS BREVIS- FOOT EVERSION
PERONEAL NERVE- SENSORY
DEEP- DORSUM FIRST WEB SPACE; SUPERFICIAL- DORSUM LATERAL FOOT
TIBIAL NERVE- MUSCLE
FLEXOR HALICUS LONGUS- GREAT TOE FLEXION
TIBIAL NERVE- SENSORY
PLANTAR ASPECT FOOT
XRAY USED FOR SCAPULA IMAGING
SCAPULAR Y VIEW
WITH LARGE, LONG STANDING ROTATOR CUFF TEAR, WHAT MIGHT THE IMAGE SHOW
A HIGH RIDING HUMERUS RELATIVE TO THE GLENOID
IMAGING FOR LABRAL TEARS
MRI ARTHROGRAM
IMAGING FOR HUMERAL FRACTURE
AP AND LATERAL, TRANSTHORACIC LATERAL (SHAFT)
NERVES ASSOCIATED WITH HUMERUS FRACTURE
RADIAL, MEDIAN, AND ULNAR NERVES