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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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THE STUDY OF ARRHYTHMIAS IS CALLED WHAT?
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ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
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THE WAYS TO ENSURE GOOD CONTACT BETWEEN THE ELECTRODE AND THE SKIN
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ABRADE THE SKIN LIGHTLY; REMOVE HAIR AND DIRT; USE A CONTACT MEDIUM SUCH AS SALINE OR COMMERCIAL GEL
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WHY IS THE STRAIGHT LINE PRODUCED WHEN THE EKG MACHINE IS ON BUT THE ELECTRODES ARE NOT ON THE PATIENT CALLED THE ISOELECTRIC LINE?
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BECAUSE ALL OF THE ELECTRICAL FORCES ARE EQUAL
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IF THE ELECTRICITY FLOWS TOWARD THE POSITIVE ELECTRODE, THE PATTERNS ON THE PAPER WILL BE WHAT?
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UPRIGHT
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IF THE ELECTRICITY FLOWS AWAY FROM THE POSITIVE ELECTRODE, OR TOWARD THE NEGATIVE ELECTRODE, WHAT PATTERN WILL APPEAR ON THE PAPER?
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DOWNWARD DEFLECTION
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SINGLE LEADS THAT GIVE GOOD PICTURES OF THE BASIC WAVE FORMS ARE CALLED MONITORING LEADS WHY?
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BECAUSE THEY ARE USED TO MONITOR PATTERNS SUCH AS ARRHYTHMIAS
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IF THIS WAS NOT STANDARDIZED, WE WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO COMPARE ONE PERSON'S EKG TO ANY OTHER EKG, OR COMPARE MORE THAN ONE EKG FROM THE SAME PERSON
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THE GRAPH PAPER, THE SPEED OF THE EKG MACHINE, AND THE PLACEMENT OF THE ELECTRODES
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IN STANDARD GRAPH PAPER, THERE ARE BOTH ________ AND ________ LINES, AND EVERY _______ LINE IS HEAVIER.
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VERTICAL; HORIZONTAL; FIFTH
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WHAT CAN THE LINE ON THE GRAPH PAPER HELP TO DETERMINE?
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BOTH THE DIRECTION AND THE MAGNITUDE OF DEFLECTIONS.
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WHAT WILL DETERMINE THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DEFLECTION?
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STRENGTH OF THE CURRENT, OR ITS VOLTAGE
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THE HEIGHT OF THE DEFLECTION WILL INDICATE WHAT?
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THE VOLTAGE OR AMPLITUDE OF THE ELECTRICAL CHARGE THAT PRODUCED THE DEFLECTION
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ON GRAPH PAPER, THE HORIZONTAL LINES MEASURE WHAT?
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VOLTAGE
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BESIDES VOLTAGE, WHAT ELSE CAN THE GRAPH PAPER HELP US TO DETERMINE?
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TIME
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WHAT DO THE VERTICAL LINES ON THE GRAPH PAPER TELL YOU?
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HOW MUCH TIME IT TOOK FOR THE ELECTRICAL CURRENT WITHIN THE HEART TO TRAVEL FROM ONE AREA TO ANOTHER
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WHICH LINES, VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL, ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT MARKINGS FOR SINGLE ARRHYTHMIA IDENTIFICATION?
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THE VERTICAL LINES B/C THEY TELL US ABOUT THE TIME IT TAKES FOR CURRENT TO TRAVEL ABOUT WITHIN THE HEART
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WHAT IS THE STANDARD RATE AT WHICH THE EKG MACHINE RUNS PAPER PAST THE STYLUS?
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25 MM PER SECOND
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AT THE STANDARD RATE OF PAPER FEED FOR THE EKG, HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE TO GET FROM ONE HEAVY VERTICAL LINE TO THE NEXT?
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.20 SECONDS
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WHAT IS THE DISTANCE (IN TIME) BETWEEN TWO LIGHT VERTICAL LINES?
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.04 SECONDS
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FOR MOST DISCUSSIONS WE WILL CONSIDER THE ATRIA AND VENTRICLES AS ____________, EVEN THOUGH WE REALIZE THERE ARE FOUR CHAMBERS.
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SINGLE UNITS (THE ATRIA AS ONE AND THE VENTRICLES AS ANOTHER)
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IN A CARDIAC CYCLE, DO THE ATRIA OR VENTRICLES CONTRACT FIRST?
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ATRIA
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FOR EACH PACEMAKER IMPULSE, THE ELECTRICAL FLOW TRAVELS DOWN ____________ PATHWAYS, DEPOLARIZING THE ATRIA AND THEN THE VENTRICLES AS IT GOES.
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CONDUCTION
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WHAT DOES EACH CARDIAC CYCLE INCLUDE?
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ALL OF THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY THAT WOULD NORMALLY BE EXPECTED TO BE PRODUCED IN A SINGLE BEAT
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WHEN DOES THE CARDIAC CYCLE BEGIN AND WHAT DOES IT INCLUDE?
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BEGINS WITH THE INITIATING IMPULSE FROM THE PACEMAKER AND ENCOMPASSES ALL PHASES UNTIL THE VENTRICLES ARE REPOLARIZED
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IN LABELING ACTIVITY ON THE GRAPH PAPER, THE DEFLECTIONS ABOVE OR BELOW THE ISOELECTRIC LINE ARE CALLED WHAT?
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WAVES
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HOW MANY PROMINENT WAVES ARE THERE IN A SINGLE CARDIAC CYCLE?
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FIVE- LABELED P,Q,R,S, AND T WAVES
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WHAT IS AN INTERVAL?
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AREA BETWEEN (AND POSSIBLY INCLUDING) WAVES
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WHAT IS A SEGMENT?
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IDENTIFIES A STRAIGHT LINE OR AREA OF ELECTRICAL INACTIVITY BETWEEN WAVES
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WHAT IS THE FIRST WAVE YOU SEE ON THE CARDIAC CYCLE? WHERE DOES IT START?
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THE P WAVE- STARTS WITH THE FIRST DEFLECTION FROM THE ISOELECTRIC LINE
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THIS WAVE IS INDICATIVE OF ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION
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P WAVE
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WHAT IS THE PR SEGMENT?
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A SHORT PERIOD OF ELECTRICAL INACTIVITY BETWEEN THE P WAVE AND THE NEXT WAVE; INDICATES THE DELAY IN THE AV NODE
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WHAT IS THE AREA OF THE HEART WITH THE SLOWEST CONDUCTION SPEED?
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AV NODE
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WHY IS IT NECESSARY FOR THE AV NODE TO CONDUCT SLOWER THAN ATRIA, VENTRICLES, AND SA NODE?
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TO ALLOW TIME FOR ATRIAL CONTRACTION AND COMPLETE FILLING OF THE VENTRICLES
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THE _____________ INCLUDES ALL ATRIAL AND NODAL ACTIVITY
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PR INTERVAL
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WHAT DOES THE PR INTERVAL INCLUDE?
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THE P WAVE AND THE PR SEGMENT (ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION AND DELAY IN THE AV NODE)
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WHAT SHOWS THE VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION ON THE EKG?
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A LARGE COMPLEX OF THREE WAVES: THE Q, R, AND S WAVES
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WHY IS THE QRS COMPLEX SIGNIFICANTLY LARGER THAN THE P WAVE?
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BECAUSE VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION INVOLVES GREATER MUSCLE MASS THAN ATRIAL DEPOLARIZATION
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WHAT IS THE FIRST NEGATIVE DEFLECTION FOLLOWING THE P WAVE?
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Q WAVE
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WHAT IS THE FIRST POSITIVE DEFLECTION FOLLOWING THE P WAVE?
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R WAVE
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WHAT IS THE SECOND NEGATIVE DEFLECTION FOLLOWING THE P WAVE?
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S WAVE
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WHAT DOES THE QRS COMPLEX SIGNIFY?
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VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION
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WHICH WAVE INDICATES VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION?
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T WAVE
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THE ATRIAL REPOLARIZATION WAVE IS USUALLY HIDDEN IN THE QRS COMPLEX WHY?
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ATRIAL REPOLARIZATION NORMALLY OCCURS AT THE SAME TIME AS VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION
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FOR THE PR INTERVAL TO BE NORMAL, IT MUST BE BETWEEN ____ AND _____ SECONDS?
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.12 AND .20 SECONDS
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WHAT CONTRIBUTES TO A LONG PRI?
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THE DELAY IN THE AV NODE, NOT THE P WAVE ITSELF
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WHAT IS USUALLY CONSIDERED NORMAL RANGE FOR A QRS MEASUREMENT?
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.06 TO .11 SECONDS
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THE VENTRICLES ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE TAKEN A NORMAL AMOUNT IF TIME TO DEPOLARIZE IF THEY DID IT IN LESS THAN HOW MANY SECONDS?
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.12 SECONDS
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WHAT CREATES THE COMPLEXES ON AN EKG TRACING?
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THEY ARE CREATED BY ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY WITHIN THE HEART
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SOME COMMON CAUSES OF INTERFERENCE OR ARTIFACT ON EKG ARE?
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MUSCLE TREMORS, SHIVERING, PATIENT MOVEMENTS, LOOSE ELECTRODES, THE EFFECT OF OTHER ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT IN THE ROOM
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THESE CAN CONFUSE YOU AND LEAD YOU TO BELIEVE THAT THE DEFLECTION ON AN EKG STRIP WAS CAUSED BY CARDIAC ACTIVITY WHEN IT WAS NOT
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ARTIFACT
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IF A CELL IS REFRACTORY, IT CANNOT ACCEPT AN IMPULSE BECAUSE IT IS NOT YET ____________.
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REPOLARIZED
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WHAT WAVES WOULD BE CONSIDERED THE REFRACTORY PERIOD OF THE CARDIAC CYCLE ON THE EKG?
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THE QRS AND T WAVES BECAUSE THEY REPRESENT THE DEPOLARIZATION AND REPOLARIZATION OF THE VENTRICLES (HEART CANNOT RESPOND YET TO ANOTHER IMPULSE)
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WHEN CAN PREMATURE DEPOLARIZATION OCCUR?
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ONLY WHEN MOST OF THE CELL CHARGES ARE BACK TO THE ORIGINAL POSITION; CALLED RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD B/C STRONG ENOUGH IMPULSE CAN CAUSE DEPOLARIZATION
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WHAT IS THE ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD?
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WHEN NO IMPULSE CAN CAUSE DEPOLARIZATION
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WHAT IS THE RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD?
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WHEN A STRONG IMPULSE CAN CAUSE A PREMATURE, ABNORMAL DISCHARGE
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WHAT PART OF THE T WAVE IS CONSIDERED THE RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD?
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THE DOWNSLOPE OF THE T WAVE
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WHAT ARE ELECTRODES?
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DEVICES APPLIED TO THE SKIN TO DETECT ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY AND CONVEY IT TO A MACHINE FOR DISPLAY
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WHAT IS A LEAD?
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A SINGLE VIEW OF THE HEART, OFTEN PRODUCED BY A COMBINATION OF INFORMATION FROM SEVERAL ELECTRODES
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HOW DO YOU MEASUE A PRI?
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FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE P WAVE TO THE BEGINNING OF THE QRS COMPLEX
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WHEN IS A CELL ELECTRICALLY REFRACTORY?
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WHEN IT HAS NOT YET REPOLARIZED AND THUS CANNOT ACCEPT AND RESPOND TO ANOTHER STIMULUS
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WHAT ARE THE ELECTRODE POSITIONS FOR LEAD II?
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NEGATIVE ELECTRODE BELOW RIGHT CLAVICLE; POSITIVE ELECTRODE AT THE APEX; GROUND ELECTRODE BELOW THE RIGHT NIPPLE
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