Ipapburke Cardio Test 1- Anatomy

Front 1

WHY IS 2/3 OF HEART LEFT OF MIDLINE?

Back 1

HEART IS ROTATED LEFT AND TILTED FORWARD

Front 2

ATRIAL KICK

Back 2

WHEN BOTH ATRIA CONTRACT AT THE END OF DIASTOLE

Front 3

CORRELATES WITH THE S4 HEART SOUND IN A PATHOLOGIC HEART

Back 3

ATRIAL KICK

Front 4

WHEN DO SEMILUNAR VALVES OPEN AND CLOSE?

Back 4

OPEN DURING SYSTOLE AND CLOSE DURING DIASTOLE

Front 5

CLOSURE OF SEMILUNAR VALVES CORRESPONDS WITH WHAT HEART SOUND?

Back 5

S2 HEART SOUND

Front 6

WHEN DO THE A-V VALVES OPEN AND CLOSE?

Back 6

OPEN DURING DIASTOLE AND CLOSE DURING SYSTOLE

Front 7

CLOSURE OF A-V VALVES CORRESPONDS TO WHAT HEART SOUND?

Back 7

S1 HEART SOUND

Front 8

WHAT DO PAPILLARY MUSCLES DO AND WHEN?

Back 8

PULLS THE LEAFLETS OF MV AND TV TOGETHER (TO KEEP CLOSED DURING SYSTOLE) AND DOWNWARD AT ONSET OF ISOVOLUMETRIC VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION

Front 9

WHERE SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION ORIGINATES FROM?

Back 9

THORACIC GANGLIA 1-5

Front 10

WHERE DO SYM. BRANCHES MEET AND INNERVATE?

Back 10

MEET AT THE CARDIAC PLEXUS NEAR THE ARCH OF THE AORTA AND INNERVATE B1 RECEPTORS IN HEART

Front 11

PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION TO THE HEART IS TRANSMITTED VIA WHAT NERVE?

Back 11

VAGUS NERVE

Front 12

WHEN DO THE CORONARY ARTERIES FILL?

Back 12

DURING DIASTOLE (LOW PRESSURE BACKWASH)

Front 13

CORONARY ARTERY THAT FEEDS THE INFERIOR WALL OF THE LV, RA, RV, PART OF SEPTUM, SA NODE IN 70%, AV NODE, AND PDA IN 85%

Back 13

RCA

Front 14

CORONARY ARTERY THAT FEEDS PART OF THE SEPTUM AND BUNDLE BRANCHES, AS WELL AS MOST OF THE LEFT VENTRICLE

Back 14

LAD

Front 15

CORONARY ARTERY THAT FEEDS SA NODE IN 25%, LATERAL/PART OF POSTERIOR WALL OF LV, LA, PDA IN 10%

Back 15

CIRCUMFLEX

Front 16

CORONARY ARTERY THAT FEEDS PART OF SEPTUM

Back 16

PDA

Front 17

HOW DO YOU MEASURE CO IN HOSPITALIZED PATIENT?

Back 17

WITH A SWAN-GANZ CATHETER USING THERMODILUTION TECHNIQUE

Front 18

VOLUME OF BLOOD EXITING THE LEFT VENTRICLE INTO THE AORTA WITH EACH CONTRACTION

Back 18

STROKE VOLUME

Front 19

THE LOAD THAT STRETCHES THE HEART PRIOR TO CONTRACTION

Back 19

PRELOAD

Front 20

HOW IS PRELOAD MEASURED?

Back 20

BY: VENTRICULAR END DIASTOLIC VOLUME; VENTRICULAR END DIASTOLIC PRESSURE

Front 21

HOW DO WE DIRECTLY MEASURE PRELOAD?

Back 21

LEFT HEART CATHETERIZATION

Front 22

HOW DO WE ESTIMATED PRELOAD?

Back 22

DURING RIGHT HEART CATHETERIZATION VIA PULMONARY CAPILLARY WEDGE PRESSURE

Front 23

FOUR MAJOR COMPONENTS OF PRELOAD

Back 23

TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME, DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD VOLUME, ATRIAL CONTRACTION, COMPLIANCE

Front 24

THE TENSION DEVELOPED IN THE WALL OF THE VENTRICLE DURING CONTRACTION

Back 24

AFTERLOAD

Front 25

2 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE AFTERLOAD

Back 25

AORTIC PRESSURE (MEAN BP) AND THE VOLUME OF THE VENTRICULAR CAVITY AND TE THICKNESS OF THE VENTRICULAR WALL

Front 26

THIS IS A USEFUL MEANS FOR ASSESSING PRIMARY CARDIAC FUNCTION

Back 26

EJECTION FRACTION

Front 27

FRACTION OF END DIASTOLIC VOLUME EJECTED FROM THE VENTRICLE DURING EACH SYSTOLIC CONTRACTION

Back 27

EJECTION FRACTION

Front 28

EF IS NOT MEASURED DIRECTLY, BUT RATHER ESTIMATED BY WHAT?

Back 28

NUCLEAR VENTRICULOGRAPHY (MUGA), ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, OR THE GOLD STANDARD- CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION (INVASIVE)

Front 29

WHAT IS MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTILITY?

Back 29

FORCE OF CONTRACTION GENERATED BY THE VENTRICLES

Front 30

THE LAW OF LAPLACE DEALS WITH WAT?

Back 30

VENTRICULAR WALL TENSION IN TERMS OF COLUME OF TEH VENTRICULAR CAVITY AND THE THICKNESS OF THE VENTRICULAR WALL

Front 31

STATE THE LAW OF LAPLACE

Back 31

WALL TENSION= VENTRICULAR PRESSURE TIMES VENTRICULAR CHAMBER RADIUS/ 2 (VENTRICULAR WALL THICKNESS

Front 32

NORAML EJECTION FRACTION

Back 32

BETWEEN 55 AND 75%

Front 33

FORMULA FOR STROKE VOLUME

Back 33

SV= EDV- ESV

Front 34

FORMULA FOR EF

Back 34

SV/ EDV

Front 35

WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS FOR BEAT TO BEAT COMPENSATION?

Back 35

FRANK STARLING MECHANISM- ACUTELY, AN INCREASE IN THE LEFT VEDV PRODUCES AN INCREASE IN CONTRACTILITY BY INCREASING THE LENGTH AND STRETCH OF THE CARDIAC MUSCLE FIBERS

Front 36

WHAT CAN CHRONIC SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION LEAD TO?

Back 36

DOWN REGULATION OF ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS (A GIVEN STIMULATION RESULTS IN LESS THAN USUALL EFFECT)

Front 37

DESCRIBE VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AS A COMPENSATION MECHANISM.

Back 37

CHRONIC; CHRONIC CONTRACTION AGAINST HIGH AFTERLOAD; MUSCLE WALL THICKENS OVER TIME---LONNG TERM DISADVANTAGES BECAUSE IT DECREASES COMPLIANCE AND INCREASES MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN DEMAND

Front 38

DESCRIBE VENTRICULAR DILATION AS A COMPENSATION MECHANISM.

Back 38

CHRONIC; RESPONSE TO PROLONGED INCREASE IN LEFT EDV/EDP (DUE TO HIGH PRELOAD AS OPOSED TO INCREASED AFTERLOAD); THIN WALL ENLARGED VENTRICLE THAT INITIALLY INCREASES CO BUT EVENTUALLY DECREASES CO; INCREASED WALL STRESS AND MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN DEMAND ARE DISADVANTAGES

Front 39

CHRONIC PROCESS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH AFTERLOAD

Back 39

VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY

Front 40

CHRONIC PROCESS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH PRELOAD

Back 40

VENTRICULAR DILATATION

Front 41

TWO ACUTE COMPENSATORY MECHANISMS

Back 41

FRANK STARLING AND SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION

Front 42

TWO CHRONIC COMPENSATORY MECHANISMS

Back 42

VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY AND DILITATION

Front 43

WHERE DOES THE RIGHT VENTRICLE LAY?

Back 43

UNDER THE STERNUM

Front 44

IF YOU HAVE A DISPLACED PMI?

Back 44

DILATED LEFT VENTRICLE

Front 45

IF THERE IS A DILATED LEFT ATRIUM, WHAT SYMPTOM MIGHT THE PATIENT HAVE?

Back 45

PROBLEMS SWALLOWING

Front 46

THIS MURMUR RADIATES TO THE MIDAXILLARY/BACK

Back 46

MITRAL REGURGITATION

Front 47

THIS MURMUR RADIATES TO THE NECK

Back 47

MITRAL STENOSIS

Front 48

WHAT DOES AN XRAY TELL YOU ABOUT THE HEART?

Back 48

SIZE (BUT NOT WHETHER HYPERTROPHIC OR DILATATION) AND WHETHER THE PATIENT IS IN HF

Front 49

IF THERE IS DECREASED INTRATHORACIC PRESSURE, WHAT HAPPENS TO FILLING OF THE RIGHT VENTRICLE?

Back 49

THERE IS MORE FILLING

Front 50

WHAT HEART SOUND DO YOU HEAR WITH ALL ISCHEMIC PATIENTS?

Back 50

S4

Front 51

JUGULAR VENOUS DISTENTION REPRESENTS PRESSURE IN WHAT PART OF THE HEART? WHAT TYPES OF CONDITIONS CAN CAUSE THIS?

Back 51

RIGHT ATRIUM; PULMONARY HTN, ACUTE PE, AND COPD

Front 52

WHAT COMMONLY CAUSES MITRAL VALVE REGURGITATION?

Back 52

AN MI IN WHICH THE PAPILLARY MUSCLES BECOME ISCHEMIC AND CANNOT CONTRACT ADEQUATELY

Front 53

WHY IS THE RIGHT ATRIUM MOST AFFECTED BY FLUID AROUND THE HEART?

Back 53

B/CIT HAS THE LOWEST NORMAL PRESSURE

Front 54

WHAT IS SOMETIMES THE FIRST SIGN OF PERICARDIAL EFFUSION?

Back 54

RIGHT ATRIAL COLLAPSE- JVD

Front 55

WHAT PART OF THE HEART CYCLE- DIASTOLE OR SYSTOLE- ALLOWS FOR PERFUSION OF CORONARY ARTERIES?

Back 55

DIASTOLE---SO IF LOW DIASTOLIC PRESSURE---ISCHEMIA

Front 56

WALL TENSION IS ESSENTIALLY?

Back 56

AFTERLOAD

Front 57

WHICH HAS A GREATER EFFECT ON THE FUNCTION OF THE HEART---VENTRICULAR WALL THICKNESS OR VENTRICULAR CHAMBER RADIUS?

Back 57

VENTRICULAR WALL THICKNESS

Front 58

IF AFTERLOAD IS INCREASED, WHAT DOES THAT SAY ABOUT STROKE VOLUME?

Back 58

IT IS DECREASED

Front 59

IF PRELOAD AND CONTRACTILITY INCREASE, WHAT HAPPENS TO STROKE VOLUME?

Back 59

IT INCREASES

Front 60

IF YOU DEPLETE THE TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME, WHAT HAPPENS TO PRELOAD?

Back 60

IT DECREASED

Front 61

IF YOU GIVE SALINE, WHAT HAPPENS TO PRELOAD?

Back 61

IT INCREASES

Front 62

IN A FIB, THE ATRIA STOP CONTRACTING...WHAT HAPPENS TO PRELOAD?

Back 62

IT DECREASES

Front 63

LESS COMPLIANCE IN VENTRICLES CAN BE CAUSED BY WHAT CONDITIONS?

Back 63

TAMPONADE, LVH, PERICARDIAL EFFUSION, PREVIOUS MI

Front 64

WHAT IS A NONINVASIVE METHOD TO ESTIMATE EF?

Back 64

ECHOCARDIOGRAM

Front 65

TO INCREASE EJECTION FRACTION, WHAT MUST INCREASE?

Back 65

CONTRACTILITY AND PUMPING

Front 66

IF THERE IS MORE VOLUME IN LV, WHAT HAPPENS TO CONTRACTILITY?

Back 66

THE LEFT VENTRICLE SQUEEZES MORE FORCEFULLY AND CONTRACTILITY IS INCREASED

Front 67

IF THE HEART IS HAVING A PUMPING ISSUE THAT LEADS TO POOR CARDIAC OUTPUT, WHAT IS THE CAUSE?

Back 67

DILATION

Front 68

IF THE HEART IS HAVING A FILLING ISSUE THAT LEADS TO POOR CARDIAC OUTPUT, WHAT IS THE CAUSE?

Back 68

HYPERTROPHY