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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of a Vowel
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1. Vowels are voiced
2. Vowels resonate in the oral cavity 3. No significant constrictions/ open vocal tract 4. Vowels are the nucleus of a syllable Two types 1. Monothong (pure vowel) - 1 sound 2. Diphthong - 2 sound qualities |
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Two Types of Vowels
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Monothong: a “pure” vowel, having a single, unchanging sound quality
• Diphthong: a vowel-like sound which involves a gradual transition from one vowel articulation (onglide) to another (offglide) – Ex. say HE and then HIGH |
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Physical Description of a Vowel
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Tongue height –
vertical position of tongue - high to low Tongue advancement – front to back continuum (front, central, back) Tenseness or Duration tense vowels are longer lax vowels are shorter Lip rounding |
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Tenseness
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Tenseness is described by:
Muscle Activity Duration Tense vowels: have greater muscle activity and longer duration /i, u, ɔ, e, o, ɝ/ Lax vowels: less muscle activity, shorter duration /ɪ, ɛ, æ, ʊ, ɑ, ə, ʌ, ɚ/ • (hit, get, cat, book, father, some) |
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Lip Rounding
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Rounded vowels: produced with the lips in a pursed and protruded state
/u, ʊ, o, ɔ, ɚ, ɝ/ Unrounded vowels: no pursing or protrusion /i, ɪ, ɛ, e, æ, ə, ʌ, a/ |
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Front Vowels
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Feet Fit Locate Fed Sat
i ɪ e ɛ æ |
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/i/
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Eat, Read, Cheese
Tongue - high, front, tense; Lips – unrounded Always in stressed syllables; never in an unstressed syllable. |
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/ɪ/
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city it in if ill is
Tongue - high-mid, front, lax; Lips – unrounded /ɪr/ = “EAR” /ɪ/ is the final sound in most words ending in “y” If you think you hear /i/ in an unstressed syllable, it is really /ɪ/ (warranty v. warrantee) |
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/e/
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ate, date, locate
Tongue - mid, front, tense; Lips - unrounded monothong - shorter, stable tongue its Diphthong is /eɪ (with a line over it)/ (obey, stay) -more stressed (longer duration), slight tongue movement |
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/ɛ/
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bed, send, rest
Tongue - low-mid, front, lax Lips – unrounded /ɛr/ = “AIR” |
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/æ/
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sand, candy, blank
Tongue – low, front, lax Lips – unrounded Is generally not followed by /r/ in American English within the same syllable. For example, in the word “larynx” [læriŋks] the /æ/ and the /r/ are in different syllables. |
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Central Vowels
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ɝ, ɚ, ɘ, ʌ
Tongue body is in center of mouth on back-front continuum most at mid height as well Stress placed on syllable is a factor in differentiating central vowels further fɝðɚ above ɘbʌv |
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/ʌ/
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Central Vowel
tub, fun, up Tongue: low-mid, back-central (only central vowel to be low-mid rather than mid) Lips: unrounded CAROT or “stressed schwa” is always in a stressed syllable. UNDER (first syllable) OTHER (first syllable) ABUT (second syllable) ABDUCT (second syllable |
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/e/
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Central Vowel /ə/“Schwa”
This is the unstressed counterpart of /ʌ/ /“Schwa” This is the unstressed counterpart of last vowel /1/ (schwa) is the most-frequently occurring speech sound in the English language. Many vowels when neutralized go to /1/. /1/ is always in unstressed syllables. /ə/ (schwa) is the most-frequently occurring speech sound in the English language. Many vowels when neutralized go to /ə/. /ə/ is always in unstressed syllables. |
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/ɚ/
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Final sound in Father, Offer
Sometimes called schwar Tongue: mid central, lax, usually bunched in palatal area Lips: usually rounded Unstressed - Does not occur in single syllables “ER” at the end of a muti-syllable word is always /ɚ/ |
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/ɝ/
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bird, turn, word, birthday
Tongue - mid-central, tense; Lips – rounded “Stressed schwar” This vowel is always stressed When “ER” is in a stressed syllable, it is represented by the stressed “ER” symbol /ɝ/. |
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/ɜ/
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Central Vowel
Not a normal pronunciation in American English Text calls it the “British or Southern pronunciation” It is /6/ without the “r coloring” Tongue: mid-central; Lips: rounded "eauhly" "tuhn" "buhthday"-not as much tension in the tongue, distortion of stressed schwar |
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Back Vowels
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u boot
ʊ could o locate ɔ caught ɑ rock All somewhat rounded except except the lowest one / ɑ / |
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/u/
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Back Vowel
mule, who Tongue: high, back, tense; Lips: rounded In mule, what precedes the vowel? “YOU” is not /u/. “You” is /ju/ “Thus CUES is “kyuz” and COOS is /kuz/ FOOL is /ful/ while FUEL is /fjul/ |
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/ʊ/
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Back Vowel
sugar, book, could Can contrast tension for the 2 highest back vowels as we did for front vowels / i / & / I / Tongue: high-mid, back, lax Lips: rounded |
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/o/
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Back Vowel
rotate, don't, ocean Unstressed counterpart of diphthong /oʊ/ (with line over it) (e.g. toes) Tongue: mid, back, tense Lips: rounded |
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/ɔ/
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Back Vowel
all, taught, cough, daughter Tongue: low-mid, back, tense; Lips: rounded Production of this vowel varies with dialect more than any other When you hear “OR” it is either /or/ or /ɔr/ - our text uses /ɔr / Ex. more = /mɔr /, but /or/ is also acceptable transcription |
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/ɑ/
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Back Vowel
calm, college, lock Lips: unrounded, with mouth open /ɑr/=are |
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Dipthongs
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Vowels with two sound qualities because of the movement of the articulators
Diphthong phonetic symbols have 2 parts on-glide off-glide bar is placed over the 2 symbols to show they are joined /ɔɪ/, /aɪ/, /aʊ/, /eɪ/, /oʊ/ |
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/aɪ/
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hi, bye, ice
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/ɔɪ/
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boy, foil
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/aʊ/
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cow, cloud
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oʊ
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toe, own
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/eɪ/
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day, straight
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/eɪ/ and /oʊ/
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dipthong counterparts to e and o
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Articulatory Modifications
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Nasalization
vowels that are adjacent to a nasal sound are generally nasalized somewhat Reduction in stress on the vowel in connected speech vowels often get reduced to /ə/ Rhotacization vowels can become rhotacized when adjacent to /r/ |
