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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Legal definition of murder |
a person commits homicide when, directly or indirectly, they cause death of another human being |
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First degree murder characteristics |
was planned/deliberate, while committing/attempting sexual assault or sexual assault with a weapon |
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The majority of murders are |
Non-stranger |
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Offender possibilities: |
family member, intimate partner, estranged intimate partner |
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Instrumental vs Expressive aggression |
expressive: driven by the emotion to hurt another instrumental: means to another end |
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Expressive Intimate |
offence emerges out of a intimate relationship as a result of: - insult, physical attack, personal failure, sexual jealousy |
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Expressive family |
female offender attacks a family member |
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Instrumental rape |
offender sexually attacks a victim and kills to silence her |
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Instrumental burglary |
part of a burglary or property crime |
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Power Reassurance |
Motivation: sexual gratification Victim: specific, acquaintance Planning: planned rape, unplanned murder |
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Power Assertive |
Motivation: power, control, dominance Victim: stranger Planning: planned rape, unplanned murder |
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Anger Retaliatory |
Motivation: anger Victim: specific, symbolic of their revenge Planning: planned rape & murder |
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Anger Excitation (sadistic) |
Motivation: sadistic sexual gratification Victim: specific, symbolic of offender's fantasies Planning: planned rape & murder |
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Contract murder definition (Crumplin, 2009) |
an offender who unlawfully kills another on behalf of someone else for financial or material gain |
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Reasons for contract murderer & reasons for an assassin |
contract: financial assassin: ideological |
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Criminally sophisticated behaviours (Crumplin) |
forensically aware, injuries to neck, strangulation, victim killed/found outside, injuries to head, moving or placing the body |
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Aggressive behaviours (Crumplin) |
overkill, stabbing, beating, injuries to torso and head, extreme aggression |
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Inept (Crumplin) |
inexperienced, secondary criminal activity, stealing, panicking, leaving body face up, making basic error |
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Serial murder definition |
Theunlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s) in separateevents (NCAVC, US Department of Justice)
Killingof 2 (or 3) or more victims in separate events over a period of more than 30days with a cooling off period between each murder |
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Mass murder definition |
murder with three/four or more victims killed at a discrete time and place |
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Spree murder definition |
single event with multiple criticisms in multiple location and an absence of the cooling off period between murders |
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Differentiating offending styles in serial murder |
power, revenge, loyalty, profit, terror |
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Offender characteristics: serial murder |
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Serial murder: victim characteristics |
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Serial murder aetiology |
child abuse, dysfunctional parental relationships, metal illness |
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Serial murder motives |
difficult to determine, many motives possible, motives may evolve, may not be useful |
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Offender styles in serial murder: power |
inspired by sadisitc fantasies, a man tortures and kills a series of strangers to satisfy a need for control and dominance |
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Offender styles in serial murder: revenge |
mistreated as a child, a man avenges past by slaying women who remind him of his mom |
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Offender styles in serial murder: loyalty |
a team of killers turn murder into a ritual to prove loyalty |
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Offender styles in serial murder: terror |
a paranoid man commits bombings to warn the world of impending |
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Visionary (Holmes & DeBurger) |
- Offencescommitted in response to voices or visions
- Oftenout of touch with reality; psychotic - Nonspecific, stranger victims - Random, spontaneous attacks - Act-focused method of attack - Disorganised, concentrated crimescenes |
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Mission Oriented (Holmes & DeBurger) |
- On amission to ‘rid the world’ of a certain category or group of people who are‘undesirable’ or ‘unworthy’ to live with other humans
- Awareof actions - Specific, stranger victims - Non-random, planned attacks - Act-focused·Organised, concentrated crime scenes |
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Hedonistic Thrill (Holmes & DeBurger) |
- Murdersothers as a means to expand own enjoyment; kills for the direct pleasure of it - ‘High’,thrill and enjoyment of killing
- Nonspecific, stranger victims - Random, spontaneous attacks - Process-focused - Disorganised, dispersed crime scenes |
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Hedonistic Lust (Holmes & DeBurger) |
- Sexualarousal and gratification are integral to the homicidal act
- Specific, stranger victims - Random, planned attacks - Process-focused - Organised, concentrated crime scenes |
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Power/Control (Holmes & DeBurger) |
- Derives profound satisfactionfrom having complete life-or-death control, power and dominance over theirvictim
- Sexualaspects of the murder are secondary and used to express their power and controlover victim - Specific, stranger victims - Non-random, planned attacks - Process-focused - Organised, dispersed crime scenes |
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Organized vs Disorganized Serial Killers |
organised: planned and orderly life reflected in crimes disorganized: kills spontaneously; haphazard crime scene |
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General problems with typologies |
1.Technical
•Mutualexclusivity? •Mutualexhaustive?• 2.Theoretical•Consistency? 3.Utility •Dependenton aim of typology •Subjectiveinferences •Basedon self-report of offenders’ accounts |
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When can a murder be considered sexual? |
- evidence of sexual activity - sexual activity before, during or after the offence - may be symbolically expressed (mutilation) - apparent or admitted sexual element |
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Sadistic sexual murder elements |
power, control, subjugation of victim, gratuitous violence, pain/suffering of the victims, humiliation of the victims |
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Sadisitc sexual murder crime scene indicators |
- stranger victim - abduction - multiple crime scenes - torture - sexual bondage |
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Sadistic sexual murder common forensic findings |
- sex prior to death - anal rape, forced fellatio, vaginal rape, foreign object penetration - battery on sex organs - urination on victim - ligature marks |
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definition of assault/sexual assault according to the CC |
a)without the consent of another person, heapplies force intentionally to that other person, directly or indirectly; b)He attempts or threatens, by an act orgesture, to apply force to another person, if he has, or causes that otherperson to believe on reasonable grounds that he has, present ability to effecthis purpose; or c)While openly wearing or carrying a weaponor an imitation thereof, he accosts or impedes another person or begs. (2)This section applies to all forms of assault, including sexual assault |
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definition of consent to a sexual activity |
the voluntary agreement of thecomplainant to engage in the sexual activity in question. Conduct short of avoluntary agreement to engage in sexual activity does not constitute consent asa matter of law |
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Psychological processes that may be relevant to rape |
power and sexuality expressions, anger and aggression, desire for social contact, criminal approach |
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Power and control in rape: |
seen throughout all sexual offences and all motivations, primary factor in sadistic behavior, mechanisms used in the heightening sexual arousal accommodates offenders feelings of inadequacy and affirm masculinity/lack of self-image |
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Sexuality in rape: |
preoccupied by sex, feelings of powerlessness, driven by fantasies, more strategic violence two types: sexually opportunistic, sexually compensatory |
