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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Invertebrates |
animals without a backbone; comprises 95% of species |
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Porifera |
a phylum whose members are asymmetrical, multicellular organisms that lack true tissues and are sessile as adults but free-swimming as larva |
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Spongocoel |
a central cavity found in sponges where water is drawn in |
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Choanocytes |
collar cells that line the spongocoel and help water enter the pores of the sponge through the beating of their flagella |
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Osculum |
a large opening at the top of a sponge |
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Amoebocytes |
mobile sponge cells that absorb food from choanocytes, digest it, and carry the nutrients to other cells |
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Hermaphrodite |
organisms that are capable of producing both sperm and eggs |
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Cnidaria |
a phylum containing members of Radiata that are found in marine or freshwater environments; unique feature is the existence of stinging cells; includes hydra, jellyfish, box jellies, sea anemones, and corals; consists of four classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa, and Cubozoa |
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Ctenophora |
a phylum containing members of Radiata; consists of comb jellies |
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Mesoglea |
a gelatinous substance that connects the ectoderm and endoderm |
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Gastrovascular cavity |
a body cavity with a single opening to the external environment where extracellular digestion takes place |
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Nerve net |
true nerve cells arranged as interconnected neurons with no central control organ; nerve impulses pass in either direction along a given neuron |
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Polyp |
body form that is sessile; tubular body with an opening at the oral end that is surrounded by tentacles and functions as both mouth and anus as well as an aboral end that is attached to the substrate |
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Medusa |
free-swimming body form; umbrella-shaped body with an opening that serves as both mouth and anus on the concave underside that is surrounded by tentacles |
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Ocelli |
photosensitive organs |
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Cnidocytes |
stinging cells found in cnidarians that function in defense or capturing prey |
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Nematocysts |
powerful capsules with an inverted coiled and barbed thread found in cnidocytes |
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Bioluminescence |
a phenomenon that results from chemical reactions that give off light instead of heat; exhibited by nearly all ctenophores |
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Platyhelminthes |
flatworms; bilateral organisms with a head bearing sensory appendages (cephalization) and an incomplete digestive system that respire through diffusion (makes flat shape necessary); four classes: Tuberellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda, Cestoda |
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Protonephridia |
simple excretory organs found in flatworms that are used to filter out wastes and excess water |
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Flame cells |
cells that exist primarily to maintain osmotic balance between an organism's body and surrounding fluids; present in flatworms |
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Rotifera |
a phylum consisting of mostly microscopic, bottom-dwelling organisms that get their name from their ciliated crown (corona) that looks similar to a rotating wheel when it beats; have a pair of protonephridia with flame bulbs |
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Bryozoa |
a phyla of small, colonial animals that can be found encrusted on rocks in shallow waters; secrete an exoskeleton composed of chitin or calcium carbonate |
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Brachiopoda |
phyla of marine organisms with two shell halves with symmetry perpendicular to line where the halves join; bottom-dwelling and attach to a substrate through a muscular pedicle |
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Mollusca |
a large, ancient phyla comprised of mostlly marine organisms with a soft body that is usually protected by an external shell and an open circulatory system; body plan has a foot, mantle, visceral mass, and gills; four most common classes are Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda |
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Foot |
muscular structure found in mollusks that is used for movement |
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Visceral mass |
a structure that rests atop the foot and contains the internal organs |
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Mantle |
a fold of skin draped over the visceral mass that secretes a shell in species that form shells |
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Gills |
filamentous organs that are specialized for gas exchange |
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Open circulatory system |
a heart that pumps body fluid called hemolymph through vessels and sinuses |
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Metanephridia |
excretory organs with ciliated funnel-like openings that remove nitrogenous wastes; may also serve to discharge sperm or eggs from the gonads |
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Radula |
a unique, protrusible, tonguelike organ found in mollusks that has many teeth and is used to eat plants, scrape particles off rocks, bore into shells of prey, or tear flesh |
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Polyplacophora |
a class of marine mollusks with a shell composed of either separate plates that feed by scraping algae off of rock surfaces; common in the intertidal zone; chitons |
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Gastropoda |
the largest class of mollusks that are mostly marine or freshwater and slow-moving animals that are weighed down by their coiled shell; snails, slugs |
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Bivalvia |
a class of marine or freshwater, halve-shelled mollusks that primarily filter feed through siphons; clams, oysters, mussels |
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Cephalopoda |
most complex class of mollusks that are usually fast-swimming marine predators with mouths that are surrounded by many long arms armed with suckers and a beaklike jaw that allows them to bite their prey; only mollusks with a closed circulatory system; octopuses, squids, nautiluses |
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Closed circulatory system |
blood flows throughout the animal entirely within a series of vessels; the heart can pump blood through the tissues rapidly, making O2 more readily available |
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Annelida |
a large phylum of segmented worms that have chitinous bristles (except leeches) called setae on each segment and a fluid-filled coelom that acts as a hydrostatic skeleton |
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Ecdysozoa |
group named for its morphological characteristic of of ecdysis; contains eight phyla of which Arthropods and Nematodes are most common |
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Ecdysis |
periodic molting of the exoskeleton |
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Cuticle |
nonliving cover that serves to support and protect the animal; typically unable to increase in size after formation |
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Nematoda |
phylum of mostly parasitic organisms covered by a tough cuticle made of collagen that is periodically shed and that can be found in almost any habitat; aka roundworms |
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Arthropoda |
a phylum of organisms that contribute to about 75% of Earth's species; animals are covered in a hard cuticle/exoskeleton made of chitin and protein and are segmented, sometimes with jointed appendages, into tagmata; four living subphyla: Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, Crustacea |
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Tagmata |
body segments that fused into functional units; head, thorax, abdomen |
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Ommatidia |
independent visual units that compose compound eyes |
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Chelicerata |
subphyla that consists mainly of class Arachnida, but contains class Merostamata and Pycnogonida |
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Cephalothorax |
the fused head and thorax tagmata |
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Pedipalps |
a pair of appendages in spiders that have various sensory, predatory, or reproductive functions |
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Pedicel |
a narrow, waistlike point of attachment; where the cephalothorax and abodoment are joined in spiders |
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Myriapoda |
a subphylum of worm-like arthropods with legs that have one pair of antennae on the head and three pairs of appendages that are modified as mouth parts; contain classes Diplopoda and Chilopoda |
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Diplopoda |
class of Myriapods that are slow-moving herbivores with two pairs of legs per segment; millipedes |
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Chilopoda |
a class of Myriapods that are fast-moving carnivores with one pair of walking legs per segment; centipedes |
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Hexapoda |
a subphylum of diverse, six-legged Arthropods most of which are insects |
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Proboscis |
coiled tongue that allow butterflies and moths to drink nectar from flowers |
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Complete metamorphosis |
during the development of 85% of insects, a dramatic change in body form from larva to a very different looking adult; have four different stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult; butterflies are a classic example |
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Incomplete metamorphosis |
during the development of some insects, change is gradual; only has three stages: egg, pupa, adult; the young insects (called nymphs) look like mini, wing-less versions of the adults when they hatch |
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Crustacea |
a subphylum of arthropods that are mostly aquatic and that possess two pairs of antennae at their anterior part of their body; crabs, lobsters, shrimp |
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Echinodermata |
phylum of animals that consists of unique deuterostomes with modified radial symmetry as adults, bilateral symmetry as larva, no brain, and an internal hard skeleton covered by a thin skin |
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Water vascular system |
a network of canals powered by water pressure generated by the contraction of muscles; allows echinoderms to move slowly |
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Tube feet |
structures in echinoderms that function in movement, gas exchange, and excretion |
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Autotomy |
the ability to intentionally detach a body part that will later regenerate |
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Chordata |
phylum of animals that includes the vertebrates and deuterostomes that are characterized by a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, and a postanal tail |
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Notochord |
a single flexible rod composed of fibrous tissue that lies between the digestive tract and the nerve cord |
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Dorsal hollow nerve cord |
a hollow tube that develops dorsal to the alimentary canal; develops into the brain and spinal cord in vertebrates |
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Pharyngeal slits |
slits that develop close to the mouth that open to the outside in order to permit water to enter through the mouth and exit through the slits; in early vertebrates they are used for filter feeding but for terrestrial chordates they don't form fully and are modified for other purposes |
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Lancelets |
subphylum of Chordate, marine filter feeders living in buried in the sand with their anterior sticking out of the sand; named for their blade-like shape and size |
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Tunicates |
a subphylum of Chordates that are the closest relatives to vertebrates; adults are sessile filter feeders that superficially resemble cnidarians or sponges |
