Invert Lab Final Exam

Front 1

Circulatory system of Phoronidia

Back 1

closed

Front 2

Circulatory system of Brachiopoda

Back 2

open

Front 3

Circulatory system of Bryozoa

Back 3

none

Front 4

Body regions of acorn worms

Back 4

-muscular probicus

-collar

-trunk

Front 5

Deposit feeders

Back 5

ingest sand or mud, extract organic materials

Front 6

Mucociliary feeders

Back 6

ingest small organisms that stick to mucus on proboscis, are moved to mouth with cilia

Front 7

Use of tube feet in sea urchins and sand dollars

Back 7

-locomotion
-gas exchange
-water diffusion

Front 8

Keystone predator

Back 8

a predator species that plays a major role in determining what species are found in a community

Front 9

Evidence that arthropods originated from annelids

Back 9

• protostome development
• segmented body
• ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia
• dorsal heart and blood vessels
• chitin
• Existence of two phyla with both arthropod and annelid characteristics

Front 10

Arthropod characteristics in tardigrades

Back 10

• Chitinous cuticle covers outside of body and parts of gut
• Molting
• Similar nervous and excretory systems

Front 11

Annelid characteristics in velvet worms

Back 11

•Longitudinal and circular muscles)
• Appendages NOT jointed
• Hydrostatic skeleton helps with locomotion
• A pair of nephridia in most segments
• Soft-bodied

Front 12

Arthropod characteristics in velvet worms

Back 12

• Chitinous cuticle, molting
• Spiracles & tracheae
• Mandible-like mouth appendages
• Similar circulatory system

Front 13

Lophophorate characteristics

Back 13

• Almost all are marine, a few freshwater
• Adults are sessile or sedentary
• Heads are poorly developed
• Gut is U-shaped
• Protective outer covering present

Front 14

Differences among lophophorates

Back 14

• Composition of protective covering
• Circulatory systems
• Excretory systems
• Early embryological development

Front 15

Similarities of brachipods and bivalves

Back 15

• Shell is bivalved and hinged
• Shell is made of calcium carbonate (in many species)

Front 16

Differences in brachiopods and bivalves

Back 16

• Shell valves are unequal in size, shape
• Hinge is lateral, not dorsal
• Shell valves are dorsal and ventral, open laterally; mollusc shell valves are lateral, open ventrally
• Some species have a shell made of calcium phosphate
• Muscle contraction is used to close and open the shell

Front 17

Composition of protective layer in phoronidia

Back 17

chitinous tube

Front 18

Composition of protective layer in brachiopods

Back 18

calcium carbonate or calcium phosphate

Front 19

Composition of protective layer in bryozoa

Back 19

chitinous, gelatinous, or calcareous body wall

Front 20

Alveolate phylums

Back 20

-Ciliophora
-Dinozoa
-Apicomplexa

Front 21

Rhizaria phylums

Back 21

-Foraminifera
-Radiozoa

Front 22

Flagellated phylums

Back 22

-Parabasala
-Euglenozoa
-Choanozoa

Front 23

Characteristics of Dinozoa

Back 23

-Cellulose plates
-Two distinct flagella, set in grooves

Front 24

Characteristics of Amoebozoa

Back 24

-Lack cilia
-Single type of nucleus
-Contractile vacuoles not fixed in position

-Pseudopodia used for movement, feeding, or both

Front 25

Ciliophora characteristics

Back 25

-cilia
-infraciliature
-two nuclei
-cytostome
-trichocysts
-contractile vacuoles that are fixed in position
-stalks or pedestals for attachment

Front 26

Ctenophora and Cnidarian similarities

Back 26

• Radial symmetry
• Two cell layers plus mesoglea
• Diploblastic embryo (?)
• Mostly predatory
• Gastrovascular cavity with canals
• Tentacles used to capture prey, bring it to mouth
• Gametes released through mouth, fertilization in water
• Simple nerve net coordinates movement

Front 27

Characteristics of flatworms

Back 27

-Three embryonic tissue layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, & endoderm)
-True organs, but no circulatory system
-Diffusion used for gas exchange, movement of nutrients & wastes
-Acoelomate
-Gastrovascular cavity present, with one opening

Front 28

Characteristics of Nematoda

Back 28

-Unsegmented
-Slender
-Circular in cross-section
-Unique amphids (sensory organs) on sides of head
-Shed (molt) their skins
-Complete digestive tract
– two openings
-Most species have separate sexes (not hermaphroditic)
-Includes free-living species and parasites of plants and animals
-Life cycles usually simpler than those of flatworms

Front 29

Body plan of Platyhelminthes

Back 29

Acoelomate

Front 30

Body plan of Nematoda

Back 30

Pseudocoelomate

Front 31

Body plan of Annelida

Back 31

Coelomate

Front 32

Reasons behind many parasitic platyhelminthes

Back 32

-Possible predatory ancestors
-No transport system
-No respiratory system
-Limited locomotion

Front 33

General characteristics of Platyhelminthes

Back 33

-Flat and thin
-No specialized respiratory or circulatory organs
-Several organ systems are present
-Centralized nervous system
-Mostly hermaphroditic

Front 34

Characteristics of Cnidarians

Back 34

-Diploblastic
-Muscle cells develop from epidermis or endodermis
-Cnidocysts
-Polyps
-Polymorphism (over life cycle or within polyp colonies)
-Locomotion uses muscles
-Usually two separate sexes
-One opening to gastrovascular cavity

Front 35

Characteristics of Ctenophora

Back 35

-Triploblastic ??
-Muscle cells develop from amoeboid cells in mesoglea
-Colloblasts
-No polyps
-No polymorphism
-Locomotion uses cilia
-Usually hermaphrodites
-Mouth plus anal pores

Front 36

Uses of cilia in rotifers

Back 36

locomotion and feeding

Front 37

Uses for the foot in molluscs

Back 37

-locomotion on surfaces
-digging
-burrowing

Front 38

Internal features Rotifers lack...

Back 38

-Circulatory system
-Respiratory structures

Front 39

Function of mastax in rotifers

Back 39

chewing

Front 40

Reasons Acanthocephala is sister taxon to rotifer

Back 40

- Pseudocoelomate
- Eutely
- Similar protonephridia (in some species)
- Syncitial epidermis with similar structure
- Cuticle (that is not molted)
- Genetic data

Front 41

Developmental pattern of molluscs

Back 41

coelomate protostomes

Front 42

Characteristics of molluscs

Back 42

• Coelomic space restricted to certain portions of the body
• Heart with ventricle and atria
• Open system – blood flow not entirely restricted to vessels
• Complete gut (mouth + anus), with regional specialization
• Nephridia
• Trochophore larvae

Front 43

Location of photoreceptors in rotifer

Back 43

brain or corona

Front 44

Gill location in molluscs

Back 44

mantle cavity

Front 45

Reasons for parasitic lifestyle in Acanthocephala

Back 45

lack of organ systems

Front 46

Preferred habitat of rotifers

Back 46

Calm, still water

Front 47

Substance exoskeleton of arthropods is made of

Back 47

chitin

Front 48

Fertilization of freshwater and terrestrial molluscs

Back 48

Internal

Front 49

Fertilization of marine molluscs

Back 49

External

Front 50

Intermediate hosts of Acanthocephala

Back 50

invertebrates

Front 51

Definitive hosts of Acathocephala

Back 51

Vertebrates

Front 52

Most common definitive host of Acathocephala

Back 52

freshwater fish

Front 53

Internal features Acanthocephala lack

Back 53

-digestive tract
-excretory system
-nervous system
-circulatory system

Front 54

Uses for rotifers

Back 54

-pollution monitors
-food for farmed shrimp and fish

Front 55

Hosts of parasitic rotifers

Back 55

-algae
-protozoans
-invertebrates (annelids, arthropods, cnidarians, molluscs)

Front 56

Most common respiratory pigament in Annelids

Back 56

hemoglobin

Front 57

Locomotion of Nematoda

Back 57

longitudinal muscles only

Front 58

Exceptions to why flatworms are most primitive

Back 58

-protostome like development suggests secondary lost of coelom
-No helpful fossil record

Front 59

Function of Archaeocytes in Porifera

Back 59

-Waste elimination
-Food digestion
-Food transport and storage
-Reproduction

Front 60

Characteristics of Cnidarians

Back 60

-radial symmetry
-tissues no true organs
-simple nervous system and cells that function like muscles

Front 61

Characteristics of Apicomplexa

Back 61

-Endoparasites of animals
-One end (apex) of the infective cell has a complex of organelles designed to penetrate host tissues and cells

Front 62

Characteristics of Foraminifera

Back 62

-Multi-chambered shells (“tests”) made of calcium carbonate
-Long, thin pseudopodia (=axopodia) project through tiny holes in the shell

Front 63

Use of pseudopodia in foraminifera

Back 63

catch food

Front 64

Characteristic of Radiozoa

Back 64

-Test composed of silica or strontium sulfate
-Pseudopodia are thin, fixed in place
• Stiffened with microtubules (protein fibers)
• Used exclusively for feeding
-Body is divided into two zones by a membrane
• Feeding and digestion occur outside the membrane
• Nucleus is inside

Front 65

Characteristic of Heliozoa

Back 65

1) Pseudopodia thin, fixed in place
• Stiffened with microtubules
• Used almost exclusively for feeding
2) Have inner and outer body regions, but not demarcatedby a physical boundary (no membrane)
• Feeding & digestion occur towards the outside
• Nucleus insid

Front 66

Characteristics of Euglenozoa

Back 66

two flagella

Front 67

Factors of Porifera growth

Back 67

• Wave action
• Currents
• Space available on substrate
• Contours of substrate

Front 68

Choanoderm

Back 68

inner surface

Front 69

Pinacoderm

Back 69

outer surface

Front 70

Function of shell in molluscs

Back 70

• Support the body
• Protect from predators, mechanical damage
• Protect from desiccation (in terrestrial molluscs)

Front 71

Gas exchange mechanism in marine and freshwater arthropods

Back 71

gills

Front 72

Gas exchange mechanism in some terrestrial arthropods

Back 72

lungs

Front 73

Gas exchange mechanism in most terrestrial arthropods

Back 73

trachae

Front 74

Characteristics of Echinodermata

Back 74

• Water vascular system

• 5-fold radial symmetry in adults
• Calcareous endoskeleton
• Mutable connective tissue

Front 75

Characteristics of Chordata

Back 75

- Nerve cord is dorsal and hollow
- Notochord: body is supported by a stiff rod ventral to thenerve chord, that runs along the length of the body
- Pharynx perforated with numerous ciliated slits

- Post-anal tail

Front 76

Characteristics of Rhizaria

Back 76

-monophyletic
-axopodia

Front 77

Axopodia

Back 77

slender pseudopodia, often rigid & supported by microtubules

Front 78

Most abundant protozoans in marine and brackish waters

Back 78

Foraminifera

Front 79

Evidence for The syncytial theory

Back 79

Ciliophora such as Paramecium resemble someacoelomates (esp. flatworms, Phylum Platyhelminthes) in
• Overall shape
• Size (large Ciliophora, tiny flatworms)
• Bilateral symmetry
• Location of mouth (pointing downwards)
• Feeding habits

Front 80

Ostia

Back 80

small openings which water enters through in sponges

Front 81

Osculum

Back 81

water leaves through the large opening

Front 82

Freshwater adaptations in sponges

Back 82

-Contractile vacuoles
-Gemmules

Front 83

Sponge use of chemical defenses

Back 83

1) deter feeding
2) prevent corals, barnacles, other sponges, etc. from settling on and smothering them
3) Fight off bacteria, fungi, algae

Front 84

Evidence to suggest sponge and chanoflagelletes

Back 84

Choanocysts resemble chanoflagelletes

Front 85

Function of gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians

Back 85

digestion and circulation

Front 86

Cnidoblast

Back 86

a cell on the tentacles of cnidarians that secretes a stinging thread

Front 87

Use of cnidae

Back 87

-capture prey

-defense against predators

-attack competitors for space

Front 88

Ctene

Back 88

long, fused cilia indistinct comb rows

Front 89

Statolith

Back 89

a ball of calcium carbonate, suspended by four tufts ofcilia

Front 90

Colloblasts

Back 90

cells that extrude a filament with a sticky bulb at the tip

Front 91

synapomorphy of Platyhelminthes

Back 91

none

Front 92

Locomotion differences in Nematoda and Platyhelminthes

Back 92

• No locomotory cilia
• Lack of circular muscles = no looping

Front 93

Beneficial nematodes

Back 93

-soil nutrient cycling

-Helminthic therapy

Front 94

Sense organs in annelids

Back 94

• Light receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Touch receptors
• Vibration receptors

Front 95

Usefulness of circulatory system in Annelids

Back 95

-Food circulation
-Respiration

Front 96

Differences in gut function in Annelids and Platyhelminthes

Back 96

-One directional in annelids
-branching in Platyhelminthes

Front 97

Differences in food circulation in Annelids and Nematodes

Back 97

-Annelids use gut

-Nematodes use coelomic fluid

Front 98

Possible relatitive of rotifers and acanthocephalas

Back 98

nematodes

Front 99

Phylums that are coelomateprotostomes

Back 99

-Arthropoda

-Annelida

-Mollusca

Front 100

Body plan of arthropods

Back 100

exoskeleton and paired, jointed appendages

Front 101

Feature rotifers, parasitic platyhelminthes and nematodes have in common

Back 101

syncytial epidermis

Front 102

Behavior rotifers, acanthocephalas, and platyhelminthes don't exhibit that nematodes do

Back 102

shed cuticles

Front 103

Other phylums aside from rotifers that exhibit eutely

Back 103

nematodes and acanthocephala

Front 104

Function of macronucleus in Ciliophora

Back 104

cellular functions

Front 105

Function of micronucleus in Ciliophora

Back 105

sex

Front 106

Phylum of protozoan responsible for malaria

Back 106

Apicomplexa

Front 107

Similarities between naked amoebas and slime molds

Back 107

1) Shapeless bodies
2) Pseudopodia
3) No armor or cell walls

Front 108

Test composition in Radiozoa

Back 108

silica or strontium sulfate

Front 109

Inner space in sponges

Back 109

spongocoel

Front 110

Spicules

Back 110

pieces of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide

Front 111

Spongin

Back 111

a proteinaceous fiber

Front 112

Mesoglea

Back 112

jellylike substance that fills the body between the gastrovascular cavity and the external surface

Front 113

Formation of muscles in cnidarians

Back 113

ectodermal and endodermal cells

Front 114

Classification of classes in Cnidarians

Back 114

-Life cycle characteristics

-Morphological features

Front 115

Classification of classes in Porifera

Back 115

spicule morphology

Front 116

Phylum with no germ layers

Back 116

Porifera

Front 117

Phylum that is diploblastic

Back 117

Cnidaria

Front 118

Ctenophora development pattern

Back 118

Unknown

Front 119

Most common form of reproduction in Ctenophora

Back 119

sexual

Front 120

Developmental pattern of Platyhelminthes

Back 120

Aceolomate

Front 121

Eutely

Back 121

increase in size rather than number of individual cells

Front 122

Developmental pattern of Nematoda

Back 122

Pseudoceolomate

Front 123

Developmental pattern of Annelids

Back 123

Coelomate Protosomes

Front 124

Developmental pattern of Rotifer and Acanthocephala

Back 124

Pseudoceolomate

Front 125

Rotifer digestive features

Back 125

-mastax

-trophi

-stomach

-gastric glands

-intestine

-cloaca

Front 126

Use of feet in rotifers

Back 126

gripping surfaces

Front 127

Mollusc mantle

Back 127

modified portion of dorsal epidermis, secretescalcareous (CaCO3) spicules or shell

Front 128

Mollusc radula

Back 128

esophageal teeth, made of chitin, used in feeding

Front 129

Feet in molluscs

Back 129

formed from muscles of the ventral body wall, used tocling to substrates and/or move

Front 130

Location of gills in molluscs

Back 130

mantle cavity

Front 131

Development pattern of arthropods

Back 131

Coelomate protostome

Front 132

Development pattern of tardigrada

Back 132

Both deuterostome and protostome

Front 133

Velvet worm characteristics present in both arthropods and annelids

Back 133

• Protostomes
• Ventral nerve cord with segmental ganglia
• Chitin present

Front 134

Lophophorate phyla with nephiridia

Back 134

Phoronida and Brachiopods

Front 135

Tube feet

Back 135

tubular extensions of water vasular system that projectthrough body wall in certain parts of the body

Front 136

Ambulacral zones

Back 136

parts of the body bearing tube feet

Front 137

Location of madreporite

Back 137

aboral surface

Front 138

Ampulla

Back 138

fluid-filled bulb that is attached to each tube foot

Front 139

Extension of ampulla

Back 139

causes muscles in contract, send fluid into foot

Front 140

Retraction of ampulla

Back 140

longitudinal muscles in the foot contract, send fluidback into ampulla

Front 141

Aristotle’s lantern

Back 141

distinct feeding apparatus

Front 142

Traits for burrowing in sand dollars

Back 142

-flattened test

-short spines

Front 143

Echinoderm class with specialrespiratory structures

Back 143

sea cucumbers

Front 144

Evisceration

Back 144

expulsion of digestive system, respiratorytrees, and gonads through anus

Hint 144

eviction

Front 145

Developmental pattern of acorn worms

Back 145

Deuterostomes

Front 146

Sister group to acorn worms

Back 146

Echinodermata

Front 147

Circulatory system of acorn worms

Back 147

open

Front 148

Part of body that makes up most of tunicates

Back 148

pharynx

Front 149

Differences between vertebrates and lancelets

Back 149

• No brain
• No cranium protecting anterior part of nervous system
• Few sensory organs
• No vertebral column

Front 150

Pseudocoelomate

Back 150

body cavity present, lined with endoderm on the insideand mesoderm on the outside

Front 151

Coelomate

Back 151

body cavity present, and is lined with mesodermon both the inside and the outside

Front 152

Protostomes

Back 152

the mesodermal tissue splits internally to forma cavity

Front 153

Deuterostomes

Back 153

the coelom forms through a series of infoldings

Front 154

Differences between Protozoan and other protists

Back 154

-heterotrophic most or all of the time

-may have cell walls, but the walls do not contain chitin or collagen

Front 155

Characteristics of Crinoidea

Back 155

• Most of the body is held up by a stalkor claws
• Suspensionfeeders

• Mostlysedentary

• Oralsurface usually faces UP • No ampullae – tube feet operatedby muscles

• Nomadreporite – water entersthrough numerous pores instead

Front 156

Oldest extant class of echinoderms

Back 156

Crinoidea

Front 157

Evidence to suggest Hemichorodata is sister taxa to Echinodermata

Back 157

-DNA

-Morphological traits resemble chorodata

Front 158

Characteristics of tunicata

Back 158

• Notochordand nerve cord occur only in the larvae
• Adults enclosed in a non-cellular tunic (protein/cellulose)

Front 159

Part anus opens into in tunicata

Back 159

atrium

Front 160

Characteristics of cephalochordata

Back 160

-Notochord longer than nerve cord, reaches into anterior end

-Notochord consists of a series of flatteneddiscs

Front 161

Composition of tunic in tunicata

Back 161

proteins and polysaccharides

Front 162

Location of internal organs in molluscs

Back 162

between dorsal mantle and the ventral foot

-The mantle secretesthe shell -Mouthopensinto a cavity containing the radula

-Coelomicspace surrounds the heart and gonads

-Brain is (minimally) a ring around theesophagus

-Twoventralnerve cord

-Radulachews/scrapes/grinds food

-Digestiveglands secrete enzymes into stomach & intestine

-Anus empties into mantle cavity

Front 163

Most morphologically diverse phyla

Back 163

Mollusca

Front 164

Best supported hypothesis of the evolution of cnidarian life cycles

Back 164

Polyps originated first, medusa stages evolved later

Front 165

Theory of atoll formation

Back 165

1. Avolcanic eruption creates an island in the middle of the ocean
2.Fringing reefs form in shallows around the edges of the new island

3.Erosion leads to a gap between dry land & edges of the reef = barrier reef

4. Islanderodes away beneath ocean level, leaving a ring of coral = atoll

Front 166

Colonial theory

Back 166

suggests metazoans started as flagellated protozoan that forms aggregations

Front 167

Evidence that supports colonial theory

Back 167

-Manyflagellated protozoans form loosely organized aggregations

-Thebody walls of the most primitive metazoan animals (Porifera) bear flagellatedcells

-DNAdata link the choanoflagellate protozoans to Porifera

Front 168

Arguments against colonial theory

Back 168

The aggregating protozoans in question are knownmainly from freshwater, while ancestor of metazoans was likely marine

Front 169

Syncytical theory

Back 169

metazoans arose from paramecium-like protozoan

Front 170

Evolutionary process surrounding syncytical theory

Back 170

1. Cellsform as some nuclei become partitioned off by cell membranes

2. Anepidermis forms around the central mass

3. Acoelomate animal with a single gut opening

Front 171

Arguments against syncytical theory

Back 171

• Acoelomateanimals undergo a complex embryonic development
• Flatworms are probably not the most primitive metazoans
• Porifera and Cnidaria are consideredmore primitive, based on germ layer and symmetry traits

Front 172

Extrusomes

Back 172

organelles that can be rapidly extruded from thecell

Hint 172

Extrusome

Front 173

Consequences of classification

Back 173

1. Germlayers arise
2. Bilateral symmetry and triploblasty split from radialsymmetry, diploblasty
3. Bodycavities arise
4.Protostome vs. Deuterostome

Front 174

Ectoderm

Back 174

serves as skin and nervous system

Front 175

Mesoderm

Back 175

serves as mucles and internal organs

Front 176

Endoderm

Back 176

serves as lining of gut

Front 177

Tagmatization

Back 177

groups of segments are modified andfused together, for some specialized function