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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is a counterexample?
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A counterexample is a syllogism of the same form as the original argument, but with obviously true premises and an obviously false conclusion.
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How can an invalid argument be exposed?
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An invalid arguement can be exposed through the use of a counterexample.
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What is a distributed term?
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A distributed term is a term that refers to all members of its category. Universal statements distribute the subject; negative statements distribute the predicate.
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Name the first rule of validity.
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The first rule is:
In at least one premise, the middle term must be distributed. |
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Name the second rule of validity.
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The second rule is:
If a term is distributed in the conclusion, it must also be distributed in its premise. |
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Name the third rule of validity.
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The third rule is:
A valid syllogism cannot have two negative premises. |
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Name the fourth rule of validity.
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The fourth rule is:
A valid syllogism cannot have a negative premise and an affirmative conclusion. |
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Name the fifth rule of validity.
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The fifth rule is:
A valid syllogism cannot have two affirmative premises and a negative conclusion. |
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Combine the last three rules of validity into a "denser" rule.
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The number of negative conclusions in a syllogism must equal the number of negative premises.
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What is the Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle?
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The Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle is when the middle term is not distributed thus making the syllogism invalid.
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Explain the Fallacy of an Illicit Major.
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The Fallacy of an Illicit Major is when the major term is distributed in the conclusion, but not in the premise. This breaks rule 2.
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Explain the Fallacy of an Illicit Minor.
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The Fallacy of an Illicit Minor is when the minor term is distributed in the conclusion, but not in the premise. This breaks rule 2.
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Explain the Fallacy of Two Negative Premises.
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The Fallacy of Two Negative Premises is when a syllogism has two negative premises, thus breaking the third rule.
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Explain the Fallacy of a Negative Premise and an Affirmative conclusion.
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The Fallacy of a Negative Premise and an Affirmative Conclusion is when a syllogism has a negative premise and an affirmative conclusion. This breaks rule 4.
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Explain the Fallacy of Two Affirmative Premises and a Negative Conclusion.
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The Fallacy of Two Affirmative Premises and a Negative Conclusion is when a syllogism has two affirmative premises and a negative conclusion, thus breaking rule 5.
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