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15 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is a counterexample?
A counterexample is a syllogism of the same form as the original argument, but with obviously true premises and an obviously false conclusion.
How can an invalid argument be exposed?
An invalid arguement can be exposed through the use of a counterexample.
What is a distributed term?
A distributed term is a term that refers to all members of its category. Universal statements distribute the subject; negative statements distribute the predicate.
Name the first rule of validity.
The first rule is:

In at least one premise, the middle term must be distributed.
Name the second rule of validity.
The second rule is:

If a term is distributed in the conclusion, it must also be distributed in its premise.
Name the third rule of validity.
The third rule is:

A valid syllogism cannot have two negative premises.
Name the fourth rule of validity.
The fourth rule is:

A valid syllogism cannot have a negative premise and an affirmative conclusion.
Name the fifth rule of validity.
The fifth rule is:

A valid syllogism cannot have two affirmative premises and a negative conclusion.
Combine the last three rules of validity into a "denser" rule.
The number of negative conclusions in a syllogism must equal the number of negative premises.
What is the Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle?
The Fallacy of the Undistributed Middle is when the middle term is not distributed thus making the syllogism invalid.
Explain the Fallacy of an Illicit Major.
The Fallacy of an Illicit Major is when the major term is distributed in the conclusion, but not in the premise. This breaks rule 2.
Explain the Fallacy of an Illicit Minor.
The Fallacy of an Illicit Minor is when the minor term is distributed in the conclusion, but not in the premise. This breaks rule 2.
Explain the Fallacy of Two Negative Premises.
The Fallacy of Two Negative Premises is when a syllogism has two negative premises, thus breaking the third rule.
Explain the Fallacy of a Negative Premise and an Affirmative conclusion.
The Fallacy of a Negative Premise and an Affirmative Conclusion is when a syllogism has a negative premise and an affirmative conclusion. This breaks rule 4.
Explain the Fallacy of Two Affirmative Premises and a Negative Conclusion.
The Fallacy of Two Affirmative Premises and a Negative Conclusion is when a syllogism has two affirmative premises and a negative conclusion, thus breaking rule 5.