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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Logic? |
The Science and Art of reasoning well. |
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Tell me about the Law of Excluded Middle.
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Any statement is either true or false. |
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Tell me about the Law of Identity.
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If a statement is true, then it is true. |
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Tell me about the Law of Non-contradiction. |
A statement cannot be both true and false. |
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Tell me about Formal Logic.
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Deals with the proper modes of reasoning, by considering the means of distinguishing between proper and improper modes of reasoning. |
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Tell me about Informal Logic. |
Deals with operations of thinking that are indirectly related to reasoning, such as defining terms, relating terms to each other, and determining relationships between statements. |
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Tell me about Induction: the Logic of the experiemental sciences.
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Reasoning with probability from examples or experience to general rules. Also deals with arguments of likelihood and probability. |
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Tell me about Deduction.
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Reasoning with certainty from premises to conclusions. Arguments are either valid or invalid. |
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Tell me about Inductive Conclusions.
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Are never certain, only probable. They can be considered either strong or weak depending on how well the experience supports the conclusion. |
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Tell me about Propositional Logic
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A part of deduction reasoning that connects entire propositions together in arguments. |
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What is a term?
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A concept that can be expressed precisely. |
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What is a definition?
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A statement that gives the meaning of the term. |
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What is an ambiguous word?
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A word that has more than one meaning. |
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What are the 5 types of definitions?
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lexical, precising, stipulative, theoretical, and persuasive. |
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What is a vague word?
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A word whose extent is unclear. |
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What is a lexical definition?
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A definition that shows relationships or reduces ambiguity by providing a single, established meaning of a term. This is the sort of definition one would find in a dictionary. |
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What is a precising definition?
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Seeks to make more precise what was previously vague or fuzzy. They apply only to the situation in which they are used. |
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What is a stipulative definition?
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A definition that is given when a new word is invented or an existing word is applied in a new way. |
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What is a theoretical definition?
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A definition that is given for a term because the term is not understood; often scientific or philosophical in nature. |
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What is a persuasive definition? |
A definition that is given in order to influence the attitudes and emotions of the audience. |
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Tell me about 6 purposes which definitions serve.
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1. show relationships between terms |
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Tell me about the genus of a term. |
A term that is more general, broad, or abstract than the original term and includes it. |
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Tell me about the species of a term.
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A term that is more specific, narrow, or concrete than the original term and is included by it. |
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Tell me about the errors of constructing genus and species charts. |
They are: |
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Mutually exclusive |
Do not overlap |
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Exhaustive |
No other types of logic exist |
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Tell me about the extension of a term. |
The sum of all the individual objects described by it. |
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Tell me about the intension of a term. |
The sum of all the common attributes denoted by the term. |
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What are the 3 methods of defining? |
1. By synonym 2. By example 3. By genus and difference |
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What are the 6 rules for defining by Genus and Difference? |
1. Should state the essential attributes of the term. 2. Should not be circular 3. Should not be too broad nor too narrow 4. Should not be unclear or figurative 5. Should be stated positively, if possible 6. Should be of the same part of speech as the term |
