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23 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

empirical evidence

evidence that comes from direct experience, scientifically gathered data, or experimentation

meta-analysis

a technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together

hypothesis

a testable educated guess about predicted outcomes between two or more variables

case study

in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual

content analysis

content analysis

correlation

when a change in one variable coincides with a change in another variable, but does not necessarily indicate causation

ethnography

observing a complete social setting and all that it entails

experiment

the testing of a hypothesis under controlled conditions

field research

gathering data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey

Hawthorne effect

when study subjects behave in a certain manner due to their awareness of being observed by a researcher

interview

a one-on-one conversation between the researcher and the subject

nonreactive research

using secondary data, does not include direct contact with subjects and will not alter or influence people’s behaviors

participant observation

when a researcher immerses herself in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an “insider” perspective

population

a defined group serving as the subject of a study

primary data

data that are collected directly from firsthand experience

quantitative data

represent research collected in a numerical form that can be counted

qualitative data

comprise information that is subjective and often based on what is seen in a natural setting

random sample

a study’s participants being randomly selected to serve as a representation of a larger population

samples

small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population

secondary data analysis

using data collected by others but applying new interpretations

surveys

collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions, often in the form of a questionnaire

code of ethics

a set of guidelines that the American Sociological Association has established to foster ethical research and professionally responsible scholarship in sociology

value neutrality

a practice of remaining impartial, without bias or judgment during the course of a study and in publishing results