Introduction To Social Policy

Front 1

Asset-Based Welfare

Back 1

• Asset-based welfare is an economic theory of poverty eradication based upon the redistribution of productive assets in an economy rather than income.
  
• Public intervention is important to increase access to assets such as land housing and credit.
• Infrastructural investments are required to ensure better access to services energy and market opportunities which increase policies which increase the returns on assets that public holds.
  
• Finally policies which create a healthy investment environment which can directly affect the livelihood of the poor should be frame.

Front 2

Conditional Cash Transfer CCT

Back 2

• CCT programs aim to reduce poverty by making welfare programs conditional upon the receivers' actions.
  
• The government (or a charity) only transfers the money to persons who meet certain criteria.
  
• These criteria may include enrolling children into public schools getting regular check-ups at the doctor's office etc.
  
• CCTs are unique in seeking to help the current generation in poverty as well as breaking the cycle of poverty for the next through the development of human capital.

Front 3

Conservative welfare state

Back 3

• Most of the benefits for unemployment or sickness are entitlements based on insurance contributions previously made.
  
• Also the contributions made and the benefits received vary according to the income of the individual. This is known as the Bismark model.
• In the Beveridge model all contributions and benefits were to be at a flat rate.

Front 4

Constructionism

Back 4

• An ontological position that asserts that social phenomena and their meanings are continually being accomplished by social actors.
  
• It is antithetical to objectivism.

Front 5

Contributory Social Insurance

Back 5

Contributory social insurance imposes payroll taxes upon the covered working population in order to fund benefit payments to eligible contributors or insured persons

Front 6

Cultural pluralism

Back 6

"A condition in which numerous distinct ethnic, religious or cultural groups are present and tolerated within a society.

Front 7

De-commodification

Back 7

• Decommodification is the process of viewing utilities as an entitlement rather than as a commodity that must be paid or traded for.
  
• In effect a decommodified product removes itself from the market and can be associated with welfarism.

Front 8

De-stratification

Back 8

• Class stratification is a form of social stratification in which a society tends to divide into separate classes whose members have different access to resources and power.
  
• An economic and cultural rift usually exists between different classes

Front 9

Economic liberalization

Back 9

• Lessening of government regulations and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by corporates or
• The removal of controls in order to encourage economic development.

Front 10

Egalitarian Tradition

Back 10

• Characterised by:
• Redistribution justified in the pursuit of equality to promote development of individual freedom.
  
• All people should have the opportunity to develop their full potential.
  

Front 11

Inclusive growth

Back 11

• Inclusive growth is a concept that advances equitable opportunities for economic participants during economic growth with benefits incurred by every section of society.
  
• Sustainable economic growth requires inclusive growth. Maintaining this is sometimes difficult because economic growth may give rise to negative externalities such as a rise in corruption.
  
• Nonetheless an emphasis on inclusiveness—especially on equality of opportunity in terms of access to markets resources and an unbiased regulatory environment—is an essential ingredient of successful growth.
  
• The inclusive growth approach takes a longer-term perspective as the focus is on productive employment as a means of increasing the incomes of poor and excluded groups and raising their standards of living.

Front 12

Income Maintenance

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• This policy is usually applied through various programs designed to provide a population with income at times when they are unable to care for themselves.
• Income maintenance is based in a combination of five main types of program:
  

1. Social insurance,
   
2. Means tested benefits,
   
3. Non-contributoray benefits,
   
4. Discretionary benefits universal or
   
5. Categorical benefits.

Front 13

Income transfers

Back 13

• Cash payments from the federal government to individual who meet certain eligibility criteria.
  

Front 14

Keynesian Economics

Back 14

• John Maynard Keynes British economist 1883-1946.
  
• His theory revolved around the idea that when spending in an economy increases earnings increase.
  
• A person's spendings becoming someone else's earnings.
  
• When there is a decline (e.g. Depression) the government can jumpstart an economy by bailing it out (increase amount of spending or augmenting the supply of $$).
  
• Economic stimulus then is a good thing to return market to full employment.

Front 15

Libertarian Tradition

Back 15

• Characterised by individual self-interest and individual freedom (negative freedom) is paramount.
  
• A high value is put on the market and it is hostile to govt action.
  
• Libertarianism is a modern form of neo-classical liberalism. See Hobbes.

Front 16

Means-tested benefits

Back 16

• Financial assistance provided for those who are unable to cover basic needs due to poverty or lack of income because of unemployment, sickness, disablity or caring.
  
• While assistance is often in the form of financial payments those eligible for social welfare can usually access health and educational services free of charge.
  
• The amount of support is enough to cover basic needs and eligibility is often subject to a comprehensive and complex assessment of an applicant's social and financial situation.

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Middle class welfare

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• A situation in which the middle class benefits from state social expenditure either in the form of income transfers or tax expenditure. or tax concessions that groups in society receive such as capital gains tax exemption on the family home or concessions on voluntary contributions to superannuation.
  
• Generally considered regressive in that it tends to benefit higher-income groups rather than lower income groups as those within higher tax liablities have the most to gain.

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Neo-classical liberalism

Back 18

• Argues for government to be as small as possible in order to allow the exercise of individual freedom.
  

Front 19

Neo-conservative

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• US term starting from the 60s which peaked in influence during the W. Bush years when they played a major role in promoting and planning the invasion of Iraq. -
  
• Main characteristics are they see the world in binary good/evil terms, have a low tolerance for diplomacy, readiness to use military force, disdain for multilateral orgs, focus on the middle east. See Irving Kristol.

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Neo-liberalism

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• Resurgence of political ideas beginning in 70s-80s whose advocates support less restrictive govt regulations, free trade and reductions in govt spending in order to promote the private sector in the economy.
  
• See Friedrick Hayek

Front 21

Occupational Welfare

Back 21

• Benefits that a person receives as a function of their employment.
  
• E.g. contributory pension
  

Front 22

Positivism

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• An epistemological position that applies scientific methods to the study of the social world.
• As a philosophy, positivism is in accordance with the empiricist view that knowledge stems from human experience.
  
• It has an atomistic, ontological view of the world as comprising discrete, observable elements and events that interact in an observable, determined and regular manner

Front 23

Power Resource Theory

Back 23

• Power resource theory is a political theory which proposes the idea that the distribution of power between major classes is to some extent accountable for the successes and failure of various political ideologies.
  
• Power resource theory asserts that working class power achieved through organisation by labour unions or left parties produces more egalitarian distributional outcomes.

Front 24

Productivism

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A belief that measurable economic productivity and growth is the most important indicator of human progress

Front 25

Realism (emperical)

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• Realism research philosophy relies on the idea of independence of reality from the human mind.
  
• As a branch of epistemology, this philosophy is based on the assumption of a scientific approach to the development of knowledge.
  

Front 26

Regressive Tax Regimes (regressivity)

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• A regressive tax is a tax imposed in such a manner that the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation increases.
• 'Regressive' describes a distribution effect on income or expenditure, referring to the way the rate progresses from high to low, so that the average tax rate exceeds the marginal tax rate.
• In terms of individual income and wealth, a regressive tax imposes a greater burden (relative to resources) on the poor than on the rich: there is an inverse relationship between the tax rate and the taxpayer's ability to pay, as measured by assets, consumption, or income.
  
• These taxes tend to reduce the tax burden of the people with a higher ability to pay, as they shift the relative burden increasingly to those with a lower ability to pay.

Front 27

Residual welfare model

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• It refers to welfare that is offered as a safety net for people who are unable to manage through their own resources or by other means.
  
• Recommended as an alternative option to the institutional model of welfare.

Front 28

Social Democratic welfare

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• High levels of benefits and services provided by the state.
• One universal insurance system but benefits graduated according to accustomed earnings.
  
• This model crowds out the market [meaning the private sector providing such things as pension plans].
• “The ideal is not to maximise dependence on the family but capacities for individual independence.”
  
• The state opts to “take direct responsibility of caring for children the aged and the helpless.”
  
• It is committed to “allow women to choose work rather than the household”

Front 29

Social determinants of health

Back 29

Structural characteristics such as class, race and gender that impact upon the health of population cohorts.

Front 30

Social Exclusion

Back 30

Social exclusion is the process of being shut out from the social, economic, political and cultural systems which contribute to the integration of a person into the community

Front 31

Social inclusion

Back 31

A socially inclusive society is defined as one where all people feel valued, their differences are respected and their basic needs are met so they can live in dignity.

Front 32

Social insurance

Back 32

• Where people receive benefits or services in recognition of contributions to an insurance program.
  
• These services typically include provision for retirement pensions, disability insurance survivor benefits and unemployment insurance.
  
• Considered a type of income maintenance.

Front 33

Social investment

Back 33

• Socially responsible investing (SRI) is any investment strategy (social, socially conscious, green investing) which seeks to consider both financial return and social good.

Front 34

Social Liberal Tradition

Back 34

Holds individual freedom high but values promotion of equality and the utilitarian idea of greatest good for the greatest number

Front 35

Social Mobility

Back 35

• Social mobility is the movement of individuals, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society.
  
• It is a change in social status relative to others' social location within a given society

Front 36

Social protection

Back 36

• Social protection is commonly understood as “all public and private initiatives that provide income or consumption transfers to the poor, protect the vulnerable against livelihood risks and enhance the social status and rights of the marginalised; with the overall objective of reducing the economic and social vulnerability of poor, vulnerable and marginalised groups” (Devereux & Sabates-Wheeler, 2004:
• Types of social protection include:
• Labor market interventions ,
  
• Social Insurance ,
  
• Social Assistance.
  

Front 37

Defined contribution

Back 37

A defined contribution plan is a type of retirement plan in which the employer, employee or both make contributions on a regular basis. Individual accounts are set up for participants and benefits are based on the amounts credited to these accounts plus any investment earnings on the money in the account. Only employer contributions to the account are guaranteed, not the future benefits. In defined contribution plans, future benefits fluctuate on the basis of investment earnings. The most common type of defined contribution plan is a savings and thrift plan. Under this type of plan, the employee contributes a predetermined portion of his or her earnings to an individual account, all or part of which is matched by the employer.

Front 38

Positivist Methodology

Back 38

PositivistMethodology
a. Prioritisesparsimony
b. Searches foruniversal laws and prediction c. Postulates simplecausality
Methods:
Prioritises:1. Quantification 2. Modelling 3. Simulation

Front 39

ConstructivistMethodology

Back 39

Believes that there aremultiple realities with scope for negotiated reality.

• Prioritisesdifference (and justice)
  
• Believes that causeexists only by imputation Methods:(Almost)exclusively qualitative:
• 1. Observation
  
• 2. Discourse analysis

Front 40

Realist/PragmatistMethodology

Back 40

a. Recognizescomplexity (but constrains explanation)
b. Searches forconsistent patterning
c. Postulates (weak)causality

Methods:Eclectic

Front 41

Marxism

Back 41

• Marxists see society in terms of a conflict betweeneconomic classes. A dominant class (the bourgeoisie or 'capitalist' class) ownsand controls the means of production.
  
• The industrial working classes (proletariats), are exploited by theBourgeoisie.
  
• The Marxist analysis of welfare concentratesprincipally on its relationship to the exercise of power.
  
• The state can be seeneither as an instrument of the ruling capitalist class, or as a complex set ofsystems which reflects the contradictions of the society, which it is part of.
  
• It is often argued that welfare has been developed through the strength ofworking-class resistance to exploitation.
• The basic objections to marxist analysis are that:·
  
• The description of 'capitalism' is false; ·
  
• Power in society is divided, and not based inownership; and that·
  
• States, which promote the welfare of theircitizens, are not pretending to be more legitimate - they are more legitimate.

Front 42

Socialism

Back 42

• The key socialist values are 'liberty, equality,and fraternity'. Some socialists would add to that: issues of rights anddemocracy.•
  
• LibertyAlthoughmany socialists refer to freedom as a basic right, liberty needs to beunderstood in social terms.
  
• Socialism calls for people to be enabled to dothings through collective action, a principle sometimes referred to as empowerment'.This principle has been central to 'guild socialism' and trades unionism.
  
• Crick (1984) contends that liberty Is not merely negative i.e.individuals being left alone by the state but also carries positiveconnotations of freedom to engage in society (social inclusion).•
  
• EqualitySocialismis egalitarian, inthe sense that socialists are committed to the reduction or removal ofdisadvantages which arise in society. The 'Fabian' tradition (a reformistmovement), attempted to achievegreater equality through spending on social services. Crick (1984) contends that equality refers to equality of treatmentand equality of opportunity.•
  
• FraternitySocialismis collectivist: people have to be understood in a social context, rather thanas individuals.
  
• Socialism is often represented in Europe in terms of 'solidarity',which means not just standing shoulder-to-shoulder but also requires thecreation of systems of mutual aid and support.

Front 43

Social Democracy

Back 43

• Social democracy depends, like socialism, on thevalues of liberty, equality and fraternity (or solidarity).
  
• This is fused witha model of liberal democracy, based on rights.
  
• The differences between socialdemocrats and socialists are hazy, because their ideals may coincide in someaspects and not in others, but two are particularly important:

1. First,many social democrats are individualists rather than collectivists; evenif they accept arguments for mutual aid or the reduction of disadvantage, theythink it important to stress the liberty of the individual, to developindividual rights (as liberals do), and often to restrict the role of thestate.
2. Second,some social democrats are not concerned to remove inequality, but only tomitigate its effects through social arrangements, which protect people from theworst consequences of a market society. Others favour equality ofopportunity, which implies the opportunity to be unequal.

Front 44

Conservatives

Back 44

• Liberal doctrineswhich promote the autonomy of the individual have been strongly represented byconservative parties.
  
• At theirsimplest there are two main strands of conservatism:
  
• Neo conservatists – hard rightPuttheir faith in the free market and desire to minimize state interventionthrough welfare programs and
  
• One nation conservatism – moderate. Sharesan impetus towards the individual and the market and away from statecontrol but tempered by a sense ofnoblesse oblige i.e. the idea that those who do well in life have an obligationtowards the less fortunate.
  
• Conservatives believe in the importance of socialorder. This is reflected in a respect for tradition and an emphasis on theimportance of religion. Welfare is asecondary issue, but the kinds of concerns, which conservatives have, arelikely to impose restraints on welfare, with a particular emphasis ontraditional values in work, the family, and nationhood.
  
• Welfare does raiseconcern where it is seen to have implications for public order - one Britishconservative commented, in commending the Beveridge report, that "if you do not give the people social reformthey are going to give you revolution."

Front 45

Christian Democrats

Back 45

• Christian democratic thought isclosely related to conservatism, but it also has important distinguishingfeatures. Like conservatives,
  
• Christian Democrats place a strong emphasis onorder; but order is to be achieved, not primarily through state action, butby moral restraints.
  
• These moral restraints have principally in Europereflected the influence of the Catholic religion.
  
• Catholic social teaching hasemphasised both the limits of the state and the responsibility of people infamilies and communities for each other; Christian Democrats tend to favourlimitations in the role of the state while at the same time accepting moralresponsibility for social welfare.

Front 46

Liberalism

Back 46

• Liberalism begins from the premise that everyone isan individual, and that individuals have rights.
• Liberals mistrust the state and argue that societyis likely to regulate itself if state interference is removed.
  
• Hayek arguesthat all state activity, whatever its intentions, is liable to undermine thefreedom of the individual; that society is too complex to be tampered with; andthat the activities of the free market, which is nothing more than the sumtotal of activities of many individuals, constitute the best protection of therights of each individual.
• Scruton (1982) describes a liberal state as one in which the individual hasstrong objections to and substantial rights against, the interference of thestate.
• As a political position, liberalism has beenimportant as a means of defending people from abuse by authority.
  
• Althoughliberalism was initially a radical doctrine, it has also been used since the19th century to stand for a defence of propertied interests.
  
• The'conservatives' of the New Right are generally liberal individualists ratherthan conservatives.
• Thatcher (1968) stated that:‘What we need now is a far greater degree of personalresponsibility and decision, far more independence from the government and acomparative reduction in the role of government.’

Front 47

Fascism

Back 47

• Fascist ideology is based in anauthoritarian collectivism.
  
• The individual is meaningless; the collectivity(the state, the nation or the race) is paramount.
  
• Fascism has beencharacterised by a strong social agenda; in Nazi Germany, the desire to fosterracial supremacy included extensive state intervention in society and theeconomy, with a stress on socialisation (both through schooling and youthmovements) and eugenic policies.
  
• Eugenic ideologies existed before fascism, andalthough their association with medical murder and the holocaust discreditedthem, they have resurfaced in recent years. They are characterised by thenineteenth-century belief that socially constructed characteristics, likepoverty, crime or sexuality are inborn, and that they will inevitably find a wayto emerge unless breeding is regulated. Repeated attempts in social sciencehave found no empirical support for the belief that such characteristics arereplicated between generations.
  
• The extreme right in Europe is mainly racialist andnationalist rather than collectivist.
  
• In Greece, however, GoldenDawn has adopted an authoritarian, collectivist ideology referring directlyto fascist tropes.

Front 48

Communitarianism

Back 48

• Communitarianism is a philosophy that emphasizes theconnection between the individual and the community.
  
• Although the community might bea family unit, communitarianism usually isunderstood, in the wider, philosophical sense, as a collection of interactions,among a community of people in a given place (geographical location), or amonga community who share an interest or who share a history.
  
• Communitarian philosophy isbased upon the belief that a person's social identity and personality arelargely molded by community relationships, with a smaller degree of developmentbeing placed on individualism.
  
• Communitarians are opposed to the idea of a‘neutral state’ o Insteadthey aim for a ‘politics of common good’ Kymlicka (1990)
  
• A communitarian state therefore is a perfectionist state whichinvolves a public ranking of the value of different ways of life.
  
• Communitarianvalues depend on: Social context; Time and Place

Front 49

Principles of Social Policy

Back 49

• The principlesupon which government’s policies are built are informed by their politicalideology.
  
• Suchprinciples normally have general or overarching purposes which their policiesare intended to satisfy.
  
• Drake(2001) suggests that thereare five opposed pairs of generalized objectives:
• (a) To keep things as they are or to effect change.
• (b) To privilege a specific group or to treat all people equitably
  
• (c) To promote equality or to extend inequality
  
• (d) To promote a set of specificvalues or to accommodate diverse values
  
• (e) To change individuals (orgroups) or to change environments

Front 50

Policy Purposes: Stability or Change

Back 50

Stability or Change

• Principles and policiesdesigned for stability will supportthe prevailing norms, values and beliefs.
• Thiscan serve to exclude or subordinate competing sets of values or norms.
  
• Whether or not maintenance ofstability is good or bad will depend upon what is being preserved.
• Principlesand policies may be designed to preserve the pre-eminence of a single, narrowlydefined group by maintaining discriminatory policies which afford privileges tosome whilst disadvantaging others (apartheid) but:
  
• Asociety might be pluralistic, flexible, supportive of equal opportunities,tolerant of varied cultural and religious beliefs and respectful of individualliberties and rights.
  
• Change can occur in either directionfor instance a hierarchical society may change to become one based on equalitybut equally an open society may change to become closed and rigid.

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Policy Purposes: Privilege or Equal Treatment

Back 51

• Principles may foster the equaltreatment of all citizens or may reserve privileges for some to the detrimentof others.
• Drake gives example of privateeducation in the UK:
  
• Thebasis of selection (parent’s access to sufficient wealth) is extrinsic toeducational criteria. Hence four groups of children in UK:
• Those whose parents can affordto pay for and are educated privately;
  
• Those who are educatedprivately having won an assisted place;
  
• Those who could benefit fromprivate education but didn’t win an assisted place and their parents can’tafford to pay for a private education;
  
• The remainder (the vastmajority) educated within the state sector and paid for through generaltaxation.
  
• Argumentin favour of private education is choice, namely that a person is free tochoose to pay for a private education for his or her child.
  
• Assumption underpinning thisargument is that most people command sufficient resources to permit such achoice but in reality very few people have sufficient resources to pay for aprivate education for their child/ren.

Front 52

Where do social policies come from?

Back 52

• Socialpolicies are often represented as responses to social problems.
  
• But:·
  
• Notall policies are focused on ‘problems’.·
  
• Anypolicy, which is designed to change or maintain a social structure orrelationship could be described as a social policy. ·
  
• Canalso be argued that the failure to make such policies can be treated andanalysed as a form of social policy.

Front 53

Key elements of social policies

Back 53

• Thecharacteristics of the problem;·
  
• ThePolicy Actors who influence the processof agenda setting and
  
• The Useof resources

Front 54

The salient characteristics of social problems

Back 54

The salient characteristics ofthe problem:· The‘real’ problem and o Theproblem as perceived by the policy actors;· Theintensity of the problemo Severityof personal consequenceso Socialeffects/externalitieso Costs(political, financial, interest) of doing nothing· Perimeter(audience)o Whois affected where and over what time frame?§ Linked to public visibility§ Clearly defined and/orconcentrated versus open ended and/or diffuse· Newnessof the problemo Itis easier to mobilise public opinion to counter a newer problem· Urgency· Tractabilityo Interconnectednesso Cost

Front 55

Responses to Social Problems

Back 55

There are different types of responses tosocial problems:·

• Directresponses which, deal directly with the symptoms of the problem such asproviding beds in hostels for rough sleepers;·
  
• Responses,which focus on causes rather than effects this can be contentious as it isoften difficult to reach agreement on what the causes are.·
• Keyintervention – this depends on the argument that a small number of selectedelements can have a critical effect on other elements.
  
• Thisis based on an analysis of the relationship between the elements.
  
• If the relationships between theparts are identified correctly, it may be possible within a complex set ofissues to pick out the ones, which will lead to change more generally.
  
• An example would be givingsupport to child care in order to increase female participation in the labourmarket.

Front 56

Targeting of Social Policies

Back 56

Targeting means that policies have to bedirected at someone or something.

• The focus of a policy refers to the people orsocial units, which the policy directly affects.
  
• This is not the same as saying that they haveto be intended to help particular people as the people who are helped are notnecessarily the people whom the policy is focused on.·
  
• E.g. the most effective response to unemployment is to expand the economy: Theintention might be to help unemployed people to return to work but thefocus of the policy is on the economy.
  
• Policies can be targeted at: Individuals; Families; Households; Communities; Socialgroups; Thewhole of society
  
• The question of which focus is mostappropriate can be taken in two different ways:
  
• 1. Towhat extent these groups can be seen as the source of the problems and
  
• 2. Towhat extent it is appropriate to focus on such groups as a means of respondingto the problem.

Front 57

What is the purpose of social policy?

Back 57

1. All policies aim to resolve apublic problem that is identified as such by the government of the day.
2. Public policies represent theresponse of the political administrative system to a social reality that isdeemed to be politically unacceptable; as such it could be said to exist toaddress market failure.
3. Social policy speaks directlyto the major concerns of our everyday lives and so shape our working lives,school lives and home lives; they influence our living standards and livingconditions.
4. It is concerned with prescriptions, analysis and outcomes as wellas processes;
5. It generally starts with problems and issues and then findsmethods and approaches which fit the problem rather than the other way round;
6. The study of social policy is multi-disciplinary.

Front 58

Which big questions does social policy seek to address?

Back 58

1. Who gets what in society?
   
2. When do they get it?
   
3. How do they get it?

Front 59

What are the functions of social policy?

Back 59

A function relates to anoutcome irrespective of any intentions and includes unanticipated iatrogenicoutcomes not just unintended consequences. Functions of Social Policycan include:

1. Provision for needs
2. Maintenance of circumstance
   
3. Development of potential
   
4. Changing behaviour
5. Remedyingdisadvantage/inequality
   
6. Reproduction of disadvantage
   
7. Production of disadvantage

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Epistemology

Back 60

Epistemology is the THEORY of knowledge

Front 61

3 epistemologies of social policy

Back 61

1. Positivist - the belief that there really is an answer and that simple causality can be explained.

2. Constructivist - the belief that there are multiple nuanced realities and that solutions to problems have to be negotiated.

3. Realist/Pragmatists - accept complexity and search for solutions

Front 62

Name 3 traditional policy resources and give examples

Back 62

1. Law e.g. judicial review in 2009 overturned the law to give Gurka soldiers who had retired pre-1997 the right to live in the UK.

2. Money e.g. budgets can be used to prioritise certain agreed policy areas. Money can also be used to support a policy position e.g. £9m spent by the UK govt leaf-letting all UK households about the merits of remaining in the EU.

3. Personnel e.g. Civil Service

Front 63

Name 7 other resources policy makers can utilize

Back 63

Information knowledge and understanding of an issue is a key resource

Time US Presidents have 4 years in office - UK Parliament 5 years

Consensus

Public Infrastructure

Organisational Resource

Confidence - also about trust and opposition - trust refers to the trust people have in those promoting the policy

Political or majority resource reflects the position of the government which may be weakened e.g. a minority government

Front 64

Distinguish social policy from public policy

Back 64

Social policy tends to be concerned with problems like poverty, poor housing, mental illness and disabilty (Spicker)

It is the study of social services and the welfare state.

Public policy is broader and embraces large numbers of legislative and administrative activities aimed at the resolution of real problems.

Public policy is a function of government it is what government does and does not do.

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3 Types of Spending

Back 65

1. Public social spending

2. Private social spending

3. Exclusively private spending

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2 Key aspects of social expenditure

Back 66

1. Social expenditure is the result of explicit government laws or regulations that require payment of taxes or contributions to meet.

2. The costs of adverse circumstances that may affect individuals or households.

Front 67

Name 3 characteristics of social policy

Back 67

1. Social policy is concerned with prescriptions, analysis and outcomes as well as processes.

2. Social policy starts by identifying the problems and issues and then finds methods and approaches to address the problem.

3. Social policy is multi-disciplinary