Introduction To Psychology Clep - Seth's 1

Front 1

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

Back 1

Set up the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Front 2

What did Structuralists believe?

Back 2

That consciousness was made up of basic elements that were combined in different ways to produce different perceptions.

Front 3

What is introspection?

Back 3

Involves reporting on one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

Front 4

Who is Edward Titchener?

Back 4

He set up the first psychology lab in the U.S.

Front 5

What did Functionalists believe?

Back 5

That consciousness, and behavior in general, helped people and animals adjust to their environment.

Front 6

Focus on understanding how physiological and biochemical processes might produce psychological phenomena.

Back 6

Biological Approach

Front 7

Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors stem from the interaction of innate drives and society's restrictions on the expression of those drives.

Back 7

Psychodynamic approach.

Front 8

Who said the most important urges are the sexual and aggressive ones?

Back 8

Sigmund Freud

Front 9

Explain behavior primarily in terms of learned responses to predictable patterns of environmental stimuli.

Back 9

Behaviorist approach.

Front 10

Who studied classical conditioning?

Back 10

Pavlov.

Front 11

Who studied operant conditioning?

Back 11

Skinner.

Front 12

The "cause" is represented by what?

Back 12

Independent variable.

Front 13

The "effect" represents what?

Back 13

Dependent variable.

Front 14

What is a blind study?

Back 14

If subjects do not know whether they're receiving the drug or the placebo.

Front 15

Who does not know about the placebo in a double-blind study?

Back 15

The subjects and the experimenters.

Front 16

Involves assessing the relationship between two variables.

Back 16

Correlational studies.

Front 17

Means that high scores on one variable tend to be paired with high scores on the other variable.

Back 17

Positive relationship.

Front 18

Means that high scores on one variable tend to be paired with low scores on the other variable.

Back 18

Negative relationship.

Front 19

Describes the strength of a relationship.

Back 19

Correlation coefficient.

Front 20

Involve in-depth analysis of only one person.

Back 20

Case Studies.

Front 21

Studied as it occurs in real-life settings.

Back 21

Naturalist observation.

Front 22

Agreement among observers is a measure of what?

Back 22

Inter-judge reliability.

Front 23

Concerned with how communication happens and how behavior is influenced by it.

Back 23

Behavioral neuroscience.

Front 24

Detect heat, or light, or touch and then pass information about those stimuli on to the brain.

Back 24

Sense receptors.

Front 25

Pathways for communication of sense receptors.

Back 25

Neurons.

Front 26

Take in information from body tissues and sense organs, and transmit it to the spinal cord and brain.

Back 26

Sensory Neurons

Front 27

Send information in the opposite direction.

Back 27

Motor Neurons.

Front 28

Communicate with other neurons.

Back 28

Interneurons (associative neurons)

Front 29

Short, bushy fibers that take information in from outside the cell.

Back 29

Dendrites

Front 30

Long fibers that pass info. along to other nerve cells, to glands, or to muscles.

Back 30

Axons

Front 31

A fatty tissue that surrounds the axon and accelerates tranmission of info.

Back 31

Myelin sheath.

Front 32

Electrically charged atoms.

Back 32

Ions

Front 33

Maintained because the axon's membrane won't let positive ions into the cell unless the cell receives a signal from the dendrites.

Back 33

Resting potential

Front 34

The neuron pumps out the sodium ions and can then fire again.

Back 34

Refractory Period

Front 35

Junction where the end of one neuron meets the beginning of another.

Back 35

Synapse

Front 36

Helps control arousal and sleep.

Back 36

Serotonin

Front 37

Drugs that mimic a particular neurotransmitter or make more of it available by blocking its reuptake.

Back 37

Agonists

Front 38

Drugs that block.

Back 38

Antagonists

Front 39

Includes the sensory and motor neurons.

Back 39

Peripheral nervous system.

Front 40

System that carries info. from muscles, sense organs, and skin to the central nervous system and messages from the system to the skeletal muscles.

Back 40

Somatic nervous system

Front 41

Regulates the body's internal environment.

Back 41

Autonomic nervous system

Front 42

Prepares you for action

Back 42

Symphathetic nervous system.

Front 43

Deactivates the systems mobilized.

Back 43

Parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 44

Controls breathing and heartbeat.

Back 44

Brainstem

Front 45

Receives info. about touch, taste, sight, and hearing

Back 45

Thalamus

Front 46

Controls arousal and sleep

Back 46

Reticular formation

Front 47

Coordination of voluntary movement

Back 47

Cerebellum

Front 48

Processes memory

Back 48

Hippocampus

Front 49

Influences fear and anger

Back 49

Amygdala

Front 50

Influences hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior

Back 50

Hypothalamus

Front 51

Influences the release of hormones from other glands

Back 51

Pituitary gland

Front 52

Motor, cognitive, and sensory processes.

Back 52

Cerebral cortex

Front 53

Play a part in coordinating movement and in higher level thinking

Back 53

Frontal lobes

Front 54

Where is the Broca's area and what does it affect?

Back 54

Frontal lobe, speech speed.

Front 55

Where is the Wernicke's area and what does it affect?

Back 55

Frontal lobe, understanding.

Front 56

Sensor of touch.

Back 56

Pariental Lobes

Front 57

Involved in hearing

Back 57

Temporal lobes

Front 58

Areas involved in vision.

Back 58

Occipital lobes.

Front 59

Area of psychology that addresses the topic of sensation.

Back 59

Psychophysics.

Front 60

Minimum stimulation needed for a given person to detect a given stimulus.

Back 60

Absolute threshold.

Front 61

Smallest difference a person can detect.

Back 61

Just noticeable difference (difference threshold)

Front 62

Threshold increases in proportion to the intensity or magnitude of the stimuli.

Back 62

Weber's Law

Front 63

Predisposes us to attend to stimuli that matter to us and not attend to stimuli that don't.

Back 63

Sensory Adaptation

Front 64

Illustrates that our ideas about reality have to be chosen, organized, and interpreted, not simply detected.

Back 64

Selective attention

Front 65

Shows that the mind fills in the gaps in our sensations.

Back 65

Gestalt psychologists

Front 66

Require both eyes.

Back 66

Binocular cues

Front 67

One cue to distance.

Back 67

Retinal disparity.

Front 68

The extent to which the eyes must turn inward to view an object.

Back 68

Convergence

Front 69

Requires only one eye.

Back 69

Monocular cues.

Front 70

Fact that parallel lines appear to converge as they get farther away.

Back 70

Linear perspective.

Front 71

Refers to the apparent movement of stable objects as we ourselves move.

Back 71

Motion parallax (relative motion)

Front 72

Influence judgments of depth.

Back 72

Texture gradients

Front 73

Predispositions to perceive one thing and not another.

Back 73

Perceptual sets

Front 74

From simple sensory receptors to more complex neural networks.

Back 74

Bottom-up fashion

Front 75

From expectations, motives, and contextual cues to raw sensory data.

Back 75

Top-down fashion.

Front 76

State of being aware

Back 76

Consciousness

Front 77

Predictability stems from their being synchronized with the parts of the day.

Back 77

Circadian rhythm

Front 78

Brain waves cycle through a series of ___ stages every ___ minutes or so.

Back 78

Five, 90

Front 79

Electrical currents in the brain as shown graphically on an EEG.

Back 79

Brain waves

Front 80

The five stages of sleep.

Back 80

Hypnogogic, sleep spindles, delta waves, slow-wave sleep, and stage 2 repeats

Front 81

The sleeper appears calm and relaxed despite a great deal of cortical activity.

Back 81

Paradoxical sleep.

Front 82

Recurring difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep.

Back 82

Insomnia

Front 83

Sudden uncrontrollable attacks of sleep during waking hours

Back 83

Narcolepsy

Front 84

Stop breathing intermittently during sleep

Back 84

Sleep apnea

Front 85

The images that actually appear to the dreamer.

Back 85

Manifest content of a dream.

Front 86

A "forbidden" sexual or aggressive wish that the dreamer would repress if awake.

Back 86

Latent content.

Front 87

Brain's neurons fire randomly during sleep in this theory.

Back 87

Activation-sythesis theory.

Front 88

Claim that dreams are a way to consolidate information.

Back 88

Information-processing

Front 89

Heightened state of motivation

Back 89

Hypnosis

Front 90

A split in consciousness

Back 90

Dissociation

Front 91

Produce a state of consciousness that is different from "normal" consciousness by mimicking, inhibiting, or stimulating the activity of neurotransmitters.

Back 91

Psychoactive drugs.

Front 92

A relatively enduring change in behavior that is the product of experience.

Back 92

Learning

Front 93

Which group first began studying learning and wanted to focus only on observable events

Back 93

behaviorists

Front 94

Expectations and the ability to represent events mentally.

Back 94

Cognitive factors

Front 95

Occurs when the repeated presentation of a single stimulus produces an enduring change in behavior.

Back 95

Non-associative learning

Front 96

Occurs when the repeated or long-lasting presentation of an intense stimulus increases the response to a weaker stimulus.

Back 96

Sensitization

Front 97

Involves the learning of a connection either between two stimuli or between a response and a stimulus.

Back 97

Associative learning

Front 98

Produces changes in responding by pairing two stimuli together.

Back 98

Classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)

Front 99

Involves learning an association between a stimulus and a response that follows it.

Back 99

Operant conditioning.

Front 100

Always involves a decrease in the target behavior.

Back 100

Punishment