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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a drug?
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Any Chemical that can affect living processes
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What is Pharmacology?
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Study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
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What are the most important characteristics of an ideal drug?
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Effective, Safe, and Selective
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What is the therapeutic objective?
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Provide maximum benefit with minimal harm
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When a drug is effective it ___.
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elicits the responses for which it is given
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When a drug is safe it ___.
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cannot produce harmful effects
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When a drug is selective it ___.
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elicits only the response for which it is given
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Pharmacokinetics is __.
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the study of how a drug moves through out the body
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What is absorption?
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Movement of a drug from it site of administration into the blood
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What is distribution?
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Drug movement from the blood into the interstital space of tissues of target cells
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When a drug is safe it ___.
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cannot produce harmful effects
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When a drug is selective it ___.
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elicits only the response for which it is given
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Pharmacokinetics is __.
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the study of how a drug moves through out the body
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What is absorption?
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Movement of a drug from it site of administration into the blood
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What is distribution?
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Drug movement from the blood into the interstital space of tissues of target cells
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What is distribution?
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Drug movement from the blood to the interstitial space of tissues and into target cells
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What is metabolism (Biotransformation)?
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Mediated alteration of drug structure by enzymes
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What is excretion?
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Movement of drugs out of the body
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What are 3 ways a drug can cross the cell membrane?
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1) Passage through passive channel or pore
2) Passage actively through a transport system 3)Penetration of the membrane |
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What does P-glycoprotein do?
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Transports a wide variety of drugs out of cells
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A drug must be ____ to directly penetrate membranes.
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Lipophilic
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What compounds are unable to cross the membranes?
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Lipophobic (Hydrophilic) and Ions
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What factors affect absorption?
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Rate of Dissolution, Surface Area, Blood Flow, & Lipid Solubility
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Parenteral is given by ___ and Enteral is given by ____.
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injection (IV, IM, SubQ); GI (PO)
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When you increase the amount of a drug ____ (less, more) is released from the plasma proteins.
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more
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What is the name of the hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes?
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P450 System; 12 Cytochromes (CYP)
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What is the proper name for drug metabolism?
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Biotransformation
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What is a prodrug?
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Administered inactive and becomes active after conversion in the body
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What is the first pass effect?
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Rapid hepatic inactivation of oral drugs (carried to liver directly by the portal vein)
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If someone has liver or renal failure, what would be compromised?
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Biotransformation
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What is enterohepatic recirculation?
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Drugs in the bile may undergo reabsorption into the blood
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What is the MEC?
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Minimum effective concentration, first theraputic effects felt at this dose
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What is therapeutic range?
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Above the MEC but below toxic concentration
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What is the drug half-life?
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Time required for the amount of drug in the body to reduce by half
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What is the time period in which a drug will reach plateau?
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Approximately four half-lives
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What is the time period for most of the drug to be eliminated from the body?
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Approximately four half-lives
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What is Pharmacodynamics?
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What drugs do to the body and how they do it
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What is the maximal efficacy?
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Largest effect a drug can produce (effect). Y-axis
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What is the relative potency?
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Amount of drug that must be given to elicit an effect. (amount) X-axis
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What are the four receptor groups?
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Cell membrane enzymes, Ion Channels, G-Protein Systems, & Transcription Factors
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What is affinity?
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Reflected in potency; Strength of the bond between the receptor and the ligand
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What is intrinsic activity?
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Reflected in maximal efficacy; Ability to activate a receptor upon binding
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Agonist are ___ and have both ____ and ____.
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Molecules that activate receptors; affinity; high intrinsic activity
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Antagonist are ____ and have ___ but no ____.
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Molecules that prevent activation of receptors by agonists; affinity; intrinsic activity
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When continually exposed to a agonist a cell will ___ regulate.
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down
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Continuous exposure to a antagonist will cause the cell to ____ regulate or become ____.
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up; hypersensitive
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What is the ED50?
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Dose at the middle of the distribution curve (average effective dose)
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What is the therapeutic index and what does it indicate?
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Ratio of the LD50 to ED50; High therapeutic index means a drug is safe
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What are direct chemical or physical interactions?
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Drugs combined before administered interact
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What are inducing agents?
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stimulate the synthesis of CYP and increase drug metabolism
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What is an ADR?
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Adverse Drug Reaction; unintended and undesired effect that occurs at normal doses
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Who experiences the most ADRs?
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Elderly and the very young
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What is a side effect?
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Nearly unavoidable secondary effect produced at normal doses
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What is toxicity?
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An ADR caused by excessive dosing
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What is the Idiosyncratic effect?
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Uncommon drug effect caused by genetic predisposition
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What is an iatrogenic disease?
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Disease caused by drugs
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Dose are adapted for the size of the patient based on the ___ .
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Body Surface Area
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What is tolerance?
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Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration
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Exposure during the the fetal will cause ___ while exposure during the embryonic period causes ____.
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function abnormalities; gross anatomy abnormalities
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Explain the FDA Pregnancy Categories.
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Five Categories A, B, C, D, and X
The category A is the least dangerous and X is proven risk of fetal harm |
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Drug sensitivity in the very young is a result of ___ while sensitivities in the elderly are a result of ____.
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Organ system immaturity; Organ system degeneration
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Name some differences in the very young that change pharmacokinetics in the young
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Low gastric acidity
Low Amount of Plasma Proteins Low Hepatic Metabolism Development of BBB not complete |
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By the age of ___ the child has similar pharmacokinetics as an adult.
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1 year
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Dosage is based on ____ for patients of different sizes.
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Surface Area
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Name some differences in the very old that change the pharmacokinetics of the elderly.
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Increased body fat
Decreased Water and Plasma Proteins Low Drug metabolism Nonadherence common |
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Drugs that affect the axonal conduction are ___ (common, rare) and are ____.
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Rare, local anesthetics
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Name the steps in synaptic transmission.
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Transmitter Synthesis
Transmitter Storage Transmitter Release Receptor Binding Termination of Transmission |
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Explain the divisions of the Nervous System.
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Central- Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral- Somatic and Automatic Automatic- Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
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The Parasympathetic System:
___ heart rate ___ gastric secretion ___ of the bowel and bladder ___ the pupil ___ bronchial smooth muscle |
Slowing
Increasing Emptying Constricting Contraction |
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Name the functions of the sympathetic system.
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Regulating Cardiovascular System
Temperature Regulation Fight or Flight Reaction |
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The sympathetic system:
___ heart rate and BP ___ of the skin ___ of the bronchi ___ the pupils ___ stored energy |
Increase
Constriction Dilation Dilation Mobilization |
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What is the baroreceptor reflex?
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A Feedback loop that regulates BP
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What is an automatic tone?
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The main or predominant state that an organ is receiving input
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Where is acetylcholine found?
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In all preganglionic neurons
The postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system All motor neurons of the skeletal system Postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system that go to sweat glands |
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Where is norepinephrine found?
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All postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system (except sweat glands)
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Where is epinephrine found?
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Transmitter that is released fro m the adrenal medulla; Acts similar to a hormone
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What neurotransmitters do adrenergic receptors mediate?
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Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
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What neurotransmitters do cholinergic receptors mediate?
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Acetylcholine
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What are the subgroups of the Cholinergic Receptors?
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Nicotine N, Nicotine M, and Muscarinic
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What are the subgroups of the Adrenergic Receptors?
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Alpha 1, Alpha 2, Beta 1, Beta 2, and Beta 3
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Where are Nicotine N receptors located?
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All preganglionic synapses in the automatic nervous system
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Where are Nicotine M receptors located?
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Neuromuscular Junctions
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Where are Muscarinic receptors located?
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All parasympathetic target organs:
Eye, Lung, Heart, Bladder, GI tract, sweat glands, sex organs, and blood vessels |
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What are the responses to muscarinic stimulation?
___ of the pupil ___ heart rate ___ of bronchi ___ of bowel and bladder ___ of the penis ___ of blood vessels |
Constriction
Decreased Constriction Emptying Erection Dilation |
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Where are Alpha 1 receptors located?
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Eye
Blood vessels Sex organs Bladder |
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Where are the Alpha 2 receptors located?
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Presynaptic nerve terminals
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Where are Beta 1 receptors located?
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Heart
Kidneys |
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Where are Beta 2 receptors located?
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Lung
Uterus Liver |
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Where are Dopamine receptors located?
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Kidney
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Where are Beta 3 receptors located?
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Adipose tissue
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