Introduction To Occupational Therapy Midterm History Part Ii

Front 1

Describe the OT dichotomy of holistic vs reductionistic/mechanistic?

Back 1

Holistic perspective takes a more generalist approach when training practitioners and views the human as a hole unit and values the use of meaningful activities and it values wholesome quality and care for those with disabilities rather than putting limits on them. It also says only several biological, social, and physical things caused a disease. Whereas, reductionistic/mechanistic perspective emphasizes science and research and views the person as a series of parts or problems to be managed, a standard deviation of unmeaningful activities, and creating limits on people with disabilities. These practitioners are more specialized and they believe only one specific "microbe" caused a disease or injury.

Front 2

Describe the OT dichotomy of work cure vs rest cure?

Back 2

The work cure approach was created by Herbert Hall and was an active approach of providing those with disabilities and injuries with purposeful and meaningful arts and crafts (i.e. weaving, ceramics, etc.) in a gradually increasing amount of participation to help them recover. Whereas rest cure was a passive approach applied especially to upper class women who had neurasthenia or nervous disorders (i.e. anxiety/depression) and emphasized total rest to overcome illness.

Front 3

Describe the different roles played by men and women during the early years of OT?

Back 3

Men were influential in the finding and organizing of the profession as well as publishing influential texts to push OT forward. They came up with the philosophical framework of OT and were key in promoting it as well as mixing the medical model, psychology, nursing, architecture and other professions with the Arts and Crafts and Moral Treatment Movement to create OT. Men also made up the majority of the patient base for OT practitioners (i.e. wounded war vets). Women, on the other hand, were trained practitioners who were often the first line of treatment during most of OT profession development. They build up standards of practice and techniques and advocated for higher standards of education for incoming practitioners. Women were often recruited from other professions dominated by females (i.e. nursing, social work, etc.) and also publsihed influential texts for OT.

Front 4

Describe the differences between occupations and diversions?

Back 4

Occupations were used as meaningful and morally uplifting activities to help patients find meaning in their lives despite their diminished physical or mental conditions. Diversions were activities believed to have no real therapeutic value but merely distractions for the patients from their debilitating conditions which had little or no chance of improving and of which these patients were thought to be prisoners.

Front 5

Which of the following did NOT occur to OT as a profession during World War II?

A. Demand for trained personnel again increased so more emergency educational centers were opened.

B. OTs now had official military ranking.

C. The development of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation departments in Veterans Hospitals gave OTs more opportunities to work with the physically impaired.

D. OTs became required to earn a Bachelor's degree in order to practice.

E. The crafts that were done with patients shifted from bedside handcrafts to more functional job-related crafts and leisure occupations were also explored.

Back 5

D. OTs did not start being required to get their Bachelor's degree until

Front 6

True or False: Both of the following occurred during the Rehabilitation Movement of the 1940s:

1. Changes in legislation (i.e. Hill Burton Act) and medical advancements (i.e. improved antibiotics and procedures) and changes in population (.e. surviving war vets and polio patients) led to more need for rehabilitation experts.
2. OTs became more specialized and took on a broader scope of practice including teaching patients ADLs, muscle re-education, orthotics and prosthetic training, and they took on a medical model of practice with a scientific basis.

Back 6

True

Front 7

Which of the following events in OT history did NOT occur during the 1940s?

A. The passage of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act
B. National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (NSPOT) changed its name to American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA)
C. OTs began being required to take a registration examination (initially in essay format but then became an objective test).
D. Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation (journal) changed its name to American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT).

Back 7

B. This name change occurred in 1921.

Front 8

Describe the 3 major medical advances that took place during the 1950s?

Back 8

1. Neuroleptic drugs were introduced which allowed many mental health patients to leave institutions and re-enter the community.
2. Antibiotics and other vaccines nearly eliminated TB and polio.
3. Advances in thermoplastics, wheelchairs, and prosthetics

Front 9

True or False: The profession of OTA emerged late in the 1950s to help with the shortage of OTs especially in mental health settings.

Back 9

True

Front 10

Name the five societal and social issues that made the 1960s a particularly turbulent time in the US.

Back 10

1. Traditional family structure was changing.
2. Increase in drug and alcohol abuse, crime, and suicide
3. Elderly population was growing (enactment of Medicare)
4. Higher economic inflation rate
5. Vietnam War (only 1 OT sent to war)

Front 11

What were 5 positive events of the 1960s that impacted OT as a profession?

Back 11

1. Civil Rights movement
2. Government investigated causes of poverty
3. A societal shift towards personal responsibility for health/preventative actions
4. An influx of spirituality
5. Advancements in prenatal care (more disabled children surviving)

Front 12

The American Occupational Therapy Foundation was developed to fund OT research in what decade? Which other professional association did OTs try to align themselves with during this time?

Back 12

1960s; the American Medical Association to provide more scientific credibility to the OT profession.

Front 13

What law related to rehabilitation was passed during the 1970s and what 5 main principles did it establish?

Back 13

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (and ammendment of 1975) established:
1. priority service be provided to people with severe disabilities
2. Each client accepted for services participates in planning process by completing an IWRP
3. Developed a set of standards to assess rehab services
4. Confirmed the need for rehab research
5. Included civil rights provisions that gave equal opportunities for people with disabilities.

Front 14

Describe the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975? (3 things to remember)

Back 14

1. Established right of all children to a free and appropriate education regardless of condition.
2. Included a variety of services including OT which allowed the profession to emerge into schools as a specialty area
3. Inclusion in activities and an Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

Front 15

True or False: All of the following were implications to OT due to the events of the 1970s.
1. The role of the COTA was maximized.
2. Leaders began drafting theoretic models to express effectiveness of OT
3. Leaders began to advocate for OT to return to its holistic, community-based roots of practice.
4. State licensing laws for OTs were introduced.

Back 15

True

Front 16

All of the following occured during what decade:
1. OTs were granted Medicare provider numbers for direct reimbursment of services
2. The Handicapped Infants and Toddlers Act
3. The Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act
4. Prospective Payment System is introduced into hospitals
5. The National Certification Exam is split up from AOTA into it's organization (NBCOT)

Back 16

All of this happened during the 1980s

Front 17

The Americans with Disabilities Act, the Individuals with disabilities Education Act and The Balanced Budget Act were all implemented during which decade? How did each of these laws have an impact on OT?

Back 17

ADA gave OTs a new area...consultation of environmental barriers not allowed by the law.
IDEA allowed OTs to provide services to children n least restrictive environment (LRE) to improve their social, physical, and psychological development.
Balanced Budget Act which put a cap on therapy for people who have Medicare forced OTs to deal with funding limitations and to look for new areas of practice.