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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the biochemical basis of diabetes?
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carbohydrate metabolism
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What is cancer cachexia?
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Wasting of a cancer patient...profound disturbances in metabolic pathway
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heart disease, malignant neoplasms, stroke, and diabetes mellitus is __-related and ___-related
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age and lifestyle
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dietary and lifestyle modifcation can lead to...
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disease prevention
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Which nutrients do we take in through out diet, and what are the four main categories?
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macronutrients, which include lipids, carbohyrates, protein, and alcohol
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macronutrients are used for what?
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oxidation for energy
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micronutrients are used for what?
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cellular processes
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What are two examples of micronutrients?
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vitamins (enzyme cofactors, antioxidants, and other functions)
minerals and trace elements (several and diverse functions bone mineralizatoin, muscle contraction, regulation of pH, cofactors for proteins, cellular transport & enzymes) |
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What are some types of carbohydrates?
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mono-
di- polysaccharides fiber (non digestible) for energy production |
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what is the component of protein?
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amino acids (essential and non-essential)
for protein synthese and carbons for glucose synthesis |
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What are some components of fats?
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saturated
unsaturated -mono poly (n-3 & n-6) |
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What is the role of fats?
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energy production
absorption of fat soluble vitamins prostaglandin synthesis components of cell membrane |
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What is AMDR?
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acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges:
range of intakes goal: adequate amounts of essential nutrients & reduce risk of chronic disease fat 30% carb 50% protein 10-35% |
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What are the beneficial effects of fiber?
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reduces constipation and softens stools
increase bowel motility...reducing colon cancer decrease absorption of dietary fat and cholesterol (cv disease) delays gastric emptying, and generates sensation of fullness |
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What are the DRIs?
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Dietary reference intakes:
prevent deficiencies and maintian health by the NAS |
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What are standards of the DRIs?
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EAR estimated average requirement: adequate for 50% of individuals in age and gender group
RDA Recommended Deitary allowance: for 97% of individuals in age and gender group AI adequate intake: range of values when RDA cannot be established UL tolerable upper level intake: highest intake with no adverse effects |
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What is DIT?
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diet induced thermogenesis:
energy expenditure to process food (digest, absorb) about 5-10% |
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RMR/BMR
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resting (basal) metaboic rate:
energy expenditure of resting, post-absorptive individual over 24 hr period breathing, circulation, ion transport BMR=24 X body weight (kg) |
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physical activity
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energy exp during exercise and depends on duration and intensity
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What affects the BMR?
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age, gender, body temperature, thryroid function
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DEE
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daily energy expenditure
DEE=BMR+TEF+Physical activity |
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energy stores in humans
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adipose: unlimited supply, long term : TAGs
muscle and liver: 24 hr supply more hydrated: glycogen |
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BMI is measured how?
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kg/m2
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What are the levels of obesity based on BMI?
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25 grade 1
30 grade 2 >35 grade 3 |
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metabolism
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sum total of chemical and physical changes
goal: energy generation and synthesis of macromolecules |
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anabolism
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biosynthesis of macromolecules-energy needed
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catabolism
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degradation o fdietary nutrients-energy produced
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_____ -> product
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substrate
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coupling
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energetically linking reactions
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what is the key for ATP?
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high energy phosphate bonds
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anabolism
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biosynthesis of macromolecules-energy needed
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catabolism
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degradation o fdietary nutrients-energy produced
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_____ -> product
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substrate
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coupling
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energetically linking reactions
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what is the key for ATP?
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high energy phosphate bonds
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DEE
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daily energy expenditure
DEE=BMR+TEF+Physical activity |
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energy stores in humans
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adipose: unlimited supply, long term : TAGs
muscle and liver: 24 hr supply more hydrated: glycogen |
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BMI is measured how?
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kg/m2
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What are the levels of obesity based on BMI?
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25 grade 1
30 grade 2 >35 grade 3 |
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metabolism
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sum total of chemical and physical changes
goal: energy generation and synthesis of macromolecules |
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High ATP turns which pathways on and off?
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anaboic pathways on
catabolic pathways off |
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glycogen storage disease
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PFK-1 deficiency
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what are two general ways metabolism is regulated?
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1. substrate availability and accesibility
2. enzyme activity |
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allosteric regulation of enzyme activity
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fast-acting and short-range communication
response to intracellular signals |
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covalent modification
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fast-acting and long-range communication
response to extracellular signals |
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induction and pression
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permanent effect
mediated by hormones slow-acting and long range communcation response to extracellular signals |
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committed step
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rate-limiting is first irreversible reaction unique to a pathway
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