Introduction To Linguistics

Front 1

Morphology

Back 1

The analysis of the basic 'elements' used in language.

Front 2

Morphemes

Back 2

A minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. These units include forms used to indicate past tense or plural, for example.

Front 3

Free Morphemes

Back 3

Any morpheme that can stand by itself as a single word.

Front 4

Bound Morpheme

Back 4

Forms that cannot stand alone and are typically attached to another form.

Front 5

Lexical Morphemes

Back 5

Free morphemes that carry the 'content' of the message we convey. These morphemes can be easily added to a language.

Front 6

Functional Morphemes

Back 6

A type of free morpheme that consists largely of prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.

Front 7

Derivational Morphemes

Back 7

Bound morphemes that are used to make new words, which are different in some way from the free morpheme they modify.

Front 8

Inflectional Morphemes

Back 8

Bound morphemes that do not create new words when added to a free morpheme.

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Structural Ambiguity

Back 9

a word or phrase which has two distinct underlying interpretations.

Ex: "I once shot an elephant in my pajamas."

- Is the elephant in the man's pajamas, or did the man shoot the elephant while wearing pajamas?

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S

NP VP

Art N V NP

The girl saw a dog

Back 10

Diagram the following sentence:

"The girl saw a dog."

Front 11

Conceptual Meaning

Back 11

The basic, essential components of meaning conveyed by the literal use of a word.

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Associative Meaning

Back 12

Meanings attached to words that can change from person to person.

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Semantic Features

Back 13

The basic elements involved in differentiating the meaning of each word in a language from every other word.

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Agent

Back 14

The entity who performs the action.

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Theme

Back 15

The entity that is involved in or affected somehow by the action.

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Instrument

Back 16

The entity used by the agent to perform an action.

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Experiencer

Back 17

An entity designated as the person/being who has a feeling, perception, or state.

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Synonyms

Back 18

Two or more words with very closely related meanings.

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Anyonyms

Back 19

Two or more words with opposite meanings.

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Gradable Antonyms

Back 20

The type of antonym used in comparative constructions .

Ex: fast/slow, short/tall

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Non-Gradable Antonyms

Back 21

Antonyms which are typically not used in comparative constructions. These generally are not preceded by any qualifiers.

Ex: alive/dead, male/female

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Reversives

Back 22

Antonyms in which the action of one undoes the action of another.

Ex: pack/unpack, raise/lower

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Superordinate

Back 23

The broad, generalized category which encompasses many individual units within it.

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Hyponym

Back 24

An individual unit within a broader, general category.

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Prototypes

Back 25

The ideal hyponym to serve as the best example of all hyponyms within a certain category.

Front 26

Homophones

Back 26

Two or more words which are written differently, but sound the same.

Ex: to/too/two, so/sew

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Homonyms

Back 27

Two or more words which are written and spoken the same, but have unrelated meanings.

Ex: bat (animal) / bat (baseball)

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Polysemy

Back 28

Two or more words with the same form and related meanings.

Ex: mouth (of a cave, of a person, of a river)

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Metonymy

Back 29

The use of a word or phrase to represent something else. Context is required to know the meaning of these words or phrases in the conversation.

Ex: the White House (the government body, not the physical house)

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Collocation

Back 30

Words that frequently occur together to make well known phrases.

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Person Deixis

Back 31

Words in a sentence that refer to a specific individual.

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Spatial Deixis

Back 32

Words in a sentence that refer to a specific place or location.

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Temporal Deixis

Back 33

Words in a sentence that refer to a specific time, be it past, present, or future.

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Antecedent

Back 34

The first mentioning of a particular entity.

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Anaphora

Back 35

The use of pronouns to indicate a particular entity that has been previously mentioned.

Front 36

Cataphora

Back 36

The reversal of the anaphora-antecedent relationship. In this instance, the anaphora is presented before the antecedent.

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Interrogative Speech Act

Back 37

Asking a question.

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Declarative Speech Act

Back 38

Making a statement.

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Imperative Speech Act

Back 39

Giving a command or making a request.

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Direct Speech Act

Back 40

When the structure (interrogative, declarative, imperative) of a phrase matches the function (question, command, statement).

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Indirect Speech Act

Back 41

When the structure (interrogative, declarative, imperative) of a phrase does not match its function (question, command, statement).

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Politeness

Back 42

Showing awareness and consideration of another person's (typically negative) face.

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Negative Face

Back 43

The need of an individual to be independent and free from imposition.

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Positive Face

Back 44

The need of an individual to be connected, to belong, to a certain group or society.

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Face-Threatening Act

Back 45

Something that represents a threat to another person's self-image.

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Cohesion

Back 46

The ties or connections that exist within a text.

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Coherence

Back 47

The ability to make sense of what we read, perceive, or experience in the world.

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Completion Point

Back 48

A signal used to mark the end of one's speaking turn.

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Hedges

Back 49

Expressions that show we are concerned about being co-operative participants in conversation.

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Schema

Back 50

A general term for a conventional knowledge structure that exists in memory. This knowledge is used to make interpretations of what we experience, or what we hear or read about.

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Script

Back 51

A conventional series of actions that occur with a particular schema.

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Babbling

Back 52

This phrase of speech initially occurs around 6-8 months and consists of repetitive vowel-consonant sounds.

Ex: Goo-Goo, Ga-Ga, Ba-Ba

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Holophrastic

Back 53

The phrase of speech that occurs between 12-18 months and consists of single words serving as an entire phrase.

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Two-Word Stage

Back 54

The phrase of speech that occurs between 18-20 months and consists of two distinct words used together. At this stage, a child's vocabulary is around 50 words.

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Telegraphic Speech

Back 55

Speech characterized by strings of lexical morphemes in phrases or sentences. At this stage, the child has a basic understanding of simple word forms and simple prepositions.