Introduction To Development

Front 1

zygote

Back 1

fertilized egg, after nuclear fusion

Front 2

embryo

Back 2

developoing organism from 2-8 wks

Front 3

fetus

Back 3

developing organism from 9wk-birth

Front 4

conceptus

Back 4

embryo or fetus + all surrounding membranes

Front 5

trimester

Back 5

one third of the human gestational period

Front 6

growth

Back 6

increase in overall size
hyperplasia:cell number
hypertrophy: cell size
increase in extracellular matrix

Front 7

differential growth

Back 7

one side or part of a structure grows faster than another. major mechanism which allows organ to read their ultimate shape

Front 8

selective cell death

Back 8

cells programmed to die to allow structures to develop normally

Front 9

cell differentiation

Back 9

become specialized
some genes in nucleus are acitvated or inactivated and the change is usually permanent

Front 10

metaplasia

Back 10

dedifferentiation and re-differentiation

Front 11

Induction

Back 11

chemical signal will cause a change in cells

Front 12

migration

Back 12

physical movement of cells from one location to another

Front 13

epithelial folding

Back 13

edges of types of undifferentiated flat epithelia can fold over on themselves to form a tube a ball

Front 14

cavitation/cannalization

Back 14

opening of spaces in originally solid tissues as cells move to peripheral location

Front 15

morphogens

Back 15

diffusable molecules that are released locally; mostly direct migration

Front 16

notch/delta

Back 16

pathway specifying cell fate

Front 17

transcription factors

Back 17

activate specific genes at specific times. many are homeobox or HLH families

Front 18

receptor tyrosine kinases

Back 18

many growth factors attach to these, which regulate cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, new growth, etc.

Front 19

retinoic acid:

Back 19

more RA posterior less anterior

Front 20

transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenic proteins

Back 20

cause gene activation using smad proteins

Front 21

hedgehog series

Back 21

reuires cholesterol; activate genese using Gli molecules

Front 22

WNT/beta-catenin:

Back 22

WNT gene product uses beta-catenin to activate gene sequences

Front 23

mechanism of notch/delta

Back 23

delta is a transmembrane suface-bound protein that interacts with notch protein on another cell surface. activates target genes with NICD (notch intercellular domain)

Front 24

histones

Back 24

proteins that bind dNA

Front 25

Hox

Back 25

regulate segmental separation and evelopment

Front 26

Pax

Back 26

activate or repress specific genes

Front 27

HLH factors

Back 27

has charged DNA binding regions and hydrophobic parts for protein ptrotein interactions.

Front 28

what are the 3 domains of the receptor tyrosine kinases?

Back 28

extracellular ligand biding domain
transmembrane domain
intracellular kinase domain

Front 29

gamete formation: ___DNA replication, ___cell divisions.

Back 29

1, 2

Front 30

gametogonium

Back 30

1st cell in line of gamete cell development

Front 31

Pax

Back 31

activate or repress specific genes

Front 32

HLH factors

Back 32

has charged DNA binding regions and hydrophobic parts for protein ptrotein interactions.

Front 33

what are the 3 domains of the receptor tyrosine kinases?

Back 33

extracellular ligand biding domain
transmembrane domain
intracellular kinase domain

Front 34

gamete formation: ___DNA replication, ___cell divisions.

Back 34

1, 2

Front 35

gametogonium

Back 35

1st cell in line of gamete cell development