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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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8 characteristics of life |
ORDER ADAPTION REPRODUCTION SENSITIVITY GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT REGULATION HOMEOSTASIS ENERGY PROCESSING |
OSRAGREH |
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ORDER |
Highly organized structures i.e. Cells, tissue, organs |
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Sensitivity |
Being able to respond to stimulus. They can move towards (+) or away (-), responds to stimuli |
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Reproduction |
Able to produce offspring. Contains Gene multicellular Organisms have specialized reproductive cells that will form new individuals. |
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Adaption |
Living organisms fit themselves into there environment. Increase ability to survive. |
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GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT |
Organisms grow and develop according to specific instructions coded for there genes. Genes provide instructions that will direct cellular growth and development. |
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Regulation |
All living things require regulatory mechanisms to coordinate internal functions. Transportation of nutrients, response to stimuli l, and cope with environmental stresses. |
Organ system |
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HOMEOSTASIS |
Organisms maintain constant internal conditions. All organisms have preferred living conditions, such as temperature, PH, and chemical concentrations. Since temperature changes organisms maintain internal conditions |
Hot climates humans sweat to help the shed excess body heat. In the cold we shiver to keep warm. |
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ENERGY PROCESSING |
All organisms need a source of energy for the metabolic activities. |
Plants capture energy from the sun and convert to chemical energy for food |
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ARE VIRUSES ALIVE? |
No, because: 1. They lack ability to reproduce without the aid of a host cell. 2. Lack cell structure 3. Don't use typical cell division approach to replication. |
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ATOM |
smallest unit of matter.; consists of a nucleus surround by electrons. |
When combined makes molecules. |
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MOLECULE |
2 or more atoms held together by chemical bond. |
H20 |
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MACROMOLECULE |
Larger molecules formed by small molecules i.e DNA |
DNA |
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MACROMOLECULE |
Larger molecules formed by small molecules i.e DNA |
DNA |
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ORGANELLE |
A group of macromolecules surrounded by membranes. |
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MACROMOLECULE |
Larger molecules formed by small molecules i.e DNA |
DNA |
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ORGANELLE |
A group of macromolecules surrounded by membranes. |
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MEMBRANES |
small structures that exist in cells and perform specialized functions |
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CELL |
The smallest fundamental unit of structure and functions in living organisms. Made up of plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes me Nucleus: houses cells DNA-has chromosomes |
All living organisms have it. |
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PROKARYOTE |
single-called organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do have nuclei surrounded by a meme nuclear membrane. Ex Bacterium |
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PROKARYOTE |
single-called organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do have nuclei surrounded by a meme nuclear membrane. Ex Bacterium |
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EUKARYOTES |
Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Can be single cells or multi cellular. |
Humans |
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PROKARYOTE |
single-called organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do have nuclei surrounded by a meme nuclear membrane. Ex Bacterium |
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EUKARYOTES |
Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Can be single cells or multi cellular. |
Humans |
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TISSUE |
Groups of similar called that carry out the same function; found in most multicellular life eg muscle tissue |
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PROKARYOTE |
single-called organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do have nuclei surrounded by a meme nuclear membrane. Ex Bacterium |
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EUKARYOTES |
Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Can be single cells or multi cellular. |
Humans |
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TISSUE |
Groups of similar called that carry out the same function; found in most multicellular life eg muscle tissue |
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ORGANS |
collection of tissues grouped together based on common function |
Stomach |
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PROKARYOTE |
single-called organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do have nuclei surrounded by a meme nuclear membrane. Ex Bacterium |
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EUKARYOTES |
Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Can be single cells or multi cellular. |
Humans |
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TISSUE |
Groups of similar called that carry out the same function; found in most multicellular life eg muscle tissue |
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ORGANS |
collection of tissues grouped together based on common function |
Stomach |
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ORGAN SYSTEM |
A higher level of organization consisting of functionally related organs |
Digestive System |
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PROKARYOTE |
single-called organisms that lack organelles surrounded by a membrane and do not have nuclei surrounded by a meme nuclear membrane. Ex Bacterium |
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EUKARYOTES |
Organisms that have membrane-bound organelles and nuclei. Can be single cells or multi cellular. |
Humans |
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TISSUE |
Groups of similar called that carry out the same function; found in most multicellular life eg muscle tissue |
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ORGANS |
collection of tissues grouped together based on common function |
Stomach |
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ORGAN SYSTEM |
A higher level of organization consisting of functionally related organs |
Digestive System |
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ORGANISMS |
Individual living entities. |
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POPULATION |
All the individuals of a species living within a defined area |
Ex. All dandelions in a field |
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POPULATION |
All the individuals of a species living within a defined area |
Ex. All dandelions in a field |
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COMMUNITY |
The set of populations inhabiting a particular area. |
All living things in the field; the dandelions, other flowers, insects. |
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ECOSYSTEMS |
A community of living organisms together with the non living parts of their environment. |
Field with soil, sunlight, water, minerals, all life |
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ECOSYSTEMS |
A community of living organisms together with the non living parts of their environment. |
Field with soil, sunlight, water, minerals, all life |
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BIOSPHERE |
All ecosystems on earth; includes land, water, the atmosphere, and all life |
EARTH |
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EVOLUTION |
The process of gradual change during which new species arise from older ones. Source of life diversity. |
Species -> domain |
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8 levels of Hierarchy |
Horse example: Species: Horse Genus: horse,donkey, and zebras Family: "horse family" Order: horse family + tapirs, rhinos, all mammals with hooves that feature an odd number of toes Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata animals with backbones Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Eukayota |
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SPECIES |
Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offsprings. Horses and donkeys are not the same species. |
Lowest level of hierarchy |
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SPECIES |
Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offsprings. Horses and donkeys are not the same species. Horse + Donkey = Mule but mules are infertile. |
Lowest level of hierarchy |
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Eukarya |
Organisms that have cells with nuclei; plants, fungi, animals |
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SPECIES |
Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offsprings. Horses and donkeys are not the same species. Horse + Donkey = Mule but mules are infertile. |
Lowest level of hierarchy |
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Eukarya |
Organisms that have cells with nuclei; plants, fungi, animals |
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Archaea |
Singled-cells organisms without nuclei, include thermophilic bacteria |
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SPECIES |
Organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offsprings. Horses and donkeys are not the same species. Horse + Donkey = Mule but mules are infertile. |
Lowest level of hierarchy |
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Eukarya |
Organisms that have cells with nuclei; plants, fungi, animals |
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Archaea |
Singled-cells organisms without nuclei, include thermophilic bacteria |
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BACTERIA |
Single-celled organisms without nuclei; different genetically and biochemically from Archaea |
Prokaryote |
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Binomial Names |
Created so scientist around the world can communicate. First Part: Genus: Homo Second: Species: Sapiens |
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Genetics/Genes |
Study of heredity - the functional unit of a chromosome which determines specific characteristic by coding for specific protein- each chromosome originate from different parent, may code different traits |
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Mendel Pea Plant Experiment. |
P. White flow P. Purple Flower F1. Purple Flower (self pollenated) F2. 3:1 75% were purple 25% were white |
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TRAIT |
Variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristics |
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Dominant Trait |
Those that are inherited unchanged in a hybridization |
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Dominant Trait |
Those that are inherited unchanged in a hybridization |
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Recessive Traits |
: disappear in the offspring of a hybridization |
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Alleles |
Gene variants that arise by mutation and exist at the same relative locations in homologous chromosomes |
Blood type A B O |
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Phenotype |
The observable traits expressed by an organism. Ex Blood Type A |
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Phenotype |
The observable traits expressed by an organism. Ex Blood Type A or Purple in Flower |
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Genotype |
An organism underlying genetic makeup consisting of both the physically visible and non expressed alleles. Type A blood alleles AA and Ao
Different possible variation: Pea plant YY, yy, Yy, yY But the phenotype would only be white or purplez |
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Homozygous |
Same copy of allele for specific gene eg YY or yy |
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Heterozygous |
Different copy of allele for specific gene ex Yy or yY P:homo F1: hetero f2: homo or hetero |
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Mendel's Law: Law of Segregation |
: genes must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either gene Eg equally likely to inherit y or Y gene from yY parent |
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Mendel's Law: Law of Segregation |
: genes must segregate equally into gametes such that offspring have an equal likelihood of inheriting either gene Eg equally likely to inherit y or Y gene from yY parent |
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Mendels Law: Independent Assortment |
Genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles in gametes -every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur |
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Mendels Law: Law of Dominance |
Some alleles are dominant and others recessive, individuals will display the effects of only the dominant allele. Both alleles don't contribute to the phenotype. Dominant: phenotype is represented of 1-2 for trait are present
Recessive: phenotype is only represented if 2 alleles for trait are present |
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Incomplete Dominance |
One of the alleles appears as a phenotype in the heterozygous, but not the exclusion of the other, which can also be seen |
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Polygenic Traits |
More that 2 alleles and multiple gene work together additively to produce a phenotype eg. Eye color or controlled by 8 genes |
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Darwin and Wallace |
2 British scientist mid 19c- fathers of evolution - they both spent years exploring in the tropics |
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Derwin's Finches |
-Observed each island had its own finch species, each had unique beak shapes -beaks adapted over time for finches to acquire different foods |
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Derwin's Finches |
-Observed each island had its own finch species, each had unique beak shapes -beaks adapted over time for finches to acquire different foods - birds evolve larger bills when more large seeds are available small when small seeds are available |
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Natural Selection |
3 principles 1. Characteristics of organisms are inherited 2. More offspring are produced than are able to survive 3. Offspring have different characteristics from one another, and those characteristics are inherited |
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Mutation |
Change in DNA. Has 3 outcomes; 1. Reduced fitness; lower survival and fewer offspring 2. Neural;no effect On fitness 3. Improved Fitness; better survival more offspring |
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Mutation |
Change in DNA. Has 3 outcomes; 1. Reduced fitness; lower survival and fewer offspring 2. Neural;no effect On fitness 3. Improved Fitness; better survival more offspring |
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Divergent Evolution |
When two species evolve in different directions from a common point. - finches come from multiple different species, some with big beaks, some with little
Homologous; shared similarities despite divergent evolution ex: humans and dogs bone structure |
The Finches |
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Convergent Evolution |
When similar structures arise through evolution independently in different species. - more relative to recent common ancestry e.g wings insects, birds, bats |
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Convergent Evolution |
When similar structures arise through evolution independently in different species. - more relative to recent common ancestry e.g wings insects, birds, bats |
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Analogous Structure |
Structures that are similar in function and appearance, but do not share common ancestors, they evolve independently (convergent evolution) bats and insects |
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Convergent Evolution |
When similar structures arise through evolution independently in different species. - more relative to recent common ancestry e.g wings insects, birds, bats |
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Analogous Structure |
Structures that are similar in function and appearance, but do not share common ancestors, they evolve independently (convergent evolution) bats and insects |
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Homologous Structure |
Structure ms that share similarities, despite deference a resulting from evolutionary divergences -did not evolve independently but have common ancestor who shares that's structure Eg Bones: human, dog, bird, whale or wings of hummingbird wings of ostrich |
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Convergent Evolution |
When similar structures arise through evolution independently in different species. - more relative to recent common ancestry e.g wings insects, birds, bats
Analogous: similar in function and appears wings in birds and bats |
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Analogous Structure |
Structures that are similar in function and appearance, but do not share common ancestors, they evolve independently (convergent evolution) bats and insects |
Convergent Evolution |
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Homologous Structure |
Structure ms that share similarities, despite deference a resulting from evolutionary divergences -did not evolve independently but have common ancestor who shares that's structure Eg Bones: human, dog, bird, whale or wings of hummingbird wings of ostrich |
Divergent Evolution |
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Vestigial Structure |
A structure in an organism that has no apparent function and appear to be a residual part from past ancestors. E.g. Wings on flightless birds |
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Weinberg Equilibrium |
Populations allele and genotype frequencies are inherently stable unless effected by evolutionary force. Individuals would look the same and it would be unrelated to whether the alleles were dominate or recessive |
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Evolutionary force |
Everything is always evolving. Forces that disrupt equilibrium are; natural selection, mutation, migration in or out of population,genetic drift. |
Founder effect |
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Sexual selection |
A type of natural selection. Some have more offspring than others due to there ability to attract mates. Occurs in 2 ways. 1.) Male competition for Mates 2.) Female Selection of Mates |
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Sexual selection |
A type of natural selection. Some have more offspring than others due to there ability to attract mates. Occurs in 2 ways. 1.) Male competition for Mates 2.) Female Selection of Mates |
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Specification |
The formation of two species from one original species.
Allopathic is geographic specification. |
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Sexual selection |
A type of natural selection. Some have more offspring than others due to there ability to attract mates. Occurs in 2 ways. 1.) Male competition for Mates 2.) Female Selection of Mates |
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Specification |
The formation of two species from one original species.
Allopathic is geographic specification. Vicariance if a natural situation arises to physically divide organism. Eg volcanic eruption |
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Adaptive Radiation |
When multiple specific evens originate from single species. Lemur of Madagascar over 90+ species |
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Extremophiles |
Prokaryotes that can grow under extreme conditions that would kill other life forms |
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Extremophiles |
Prokaryotes that can grow under extreme conditions that would kill other life forms |
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Biofilm |
Microbial community held together in gummy-textured matrix , a community of interactive prokaryotes |
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Extremophiles |
Prokaryotes that can grow under extreme conditions that would kill other life forms |
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Biofilm |
Microbial community held together in gummy-textured matrix , a community of interactive prokaryotes |
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Phototrophs |
Obtain their energy from sunlight |
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Extremophiles |
Prokaryotes that can grow under extreme conditions that would kill other life forms |
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Biofilm |
Microbial community held together in gummy-textured matrix , a community of interactive prokaryotes |
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Phototrophs |
Obtain their energy from sunlight |
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Chemotrophs |
Obtain energy from chemical compounds |
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BACTERIA VS. ARCHAEA |
-both prokaryotic cells -same basic structure - built from different chemical components -different lipid composition |
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Eukaryotic Origin |
-evolved from both bacteria and archaea - nuclear eukaryotic genes in nucleus came from archaea - energy machinery came from bacteria |
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Eukaryotic Origin |
-evolved from both bacteria and archaea - nuclear eukaryotic genes in nucleus came from archaea - energy machinery came from bacteria |
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Protists |
Eukaryotic organisms that did not fit the criteria for kingdoms Animali, fungi, or Plantae
- single cell eukaryotes living in pond water
E.g. Parasite |
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Parasite |
-protist, feed on another organism without killing it -e.g. Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria |
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Fungi |
Included mushrooms, yeasts, black mold -- fungal cells are eukaryotes and contain true nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles |
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Mitosis |
Asexual reproduction |
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Mitosis |
Asexual reproduction |
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Meiosis |
Sexual reproduction process in which a parent cell divides to produce cells with half the genetic material of the parent |
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PLANT KINGDOM |
-300K species -cell walls containing cellulose -photosynthesis -Traits prevent them from drying out; vascular tissue allows the nutrients and fluids to be transported inside the plant. Roots; absorbs water from environment. Tough outer layer; protects the spores.
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PLANT KINGDOM |
-300K species -cell walls containing cellulose -photosynthesis -Traits prevent them from drying out; vascular tissue allows the nutrients and fluids to be transported inside the plant. Roots; absorbs water from environment. Tough outer layer; protects the spores.
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Non-Vascular Plants |
1.)Non-Vascular Plants; lack vascular tissue formed of specialized cells for the transport of water and nutrients. -no seeds or internal transport system for water or nutrients Ex. Bryophytes m- damp shady environment l. |
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Seedless Vascular Plants |
Have a network of cells that conduct water dilutes through the plant body. The first were seedless, e.g. Lycophytes: Club moss Pterophytes: horsetails -nod ferns, found in damp environment
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Vascular Plants |
Have roots and true leaves, adaption lets them grow bigger and taller . Has seeds.(gymnosperm: conifers pine and angiosperm flowers)
System of xylem and phloem. Xylem: vascular tissue responsible for long distance transport of water and minerals also stores water and nutrients
Phloem: vascular tissue which transports sugar and protein through the plant
True Leaves: have greater surface area so allow for more photosynthesis to occur
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Angiosperm flowers |
Monoecious: Plants have both male and female gametes on each flowers. Considered "perfect angiosperm" Dioecious: Plants with only one of the other "imperfect angiosperm" |
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Angiosperm flowers |
Monoecious: Plants have both male and female gametes on each flowers. Considered "perfect angiosperm" Dioecious: Plants with only one of the other "imperfect angiosperm" |
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Angiosperm fruit |
Fruit protects the developing embryo and serve as an agent of dispersal, seeds form an ovary which enlarges as the seeds grow
Fles |
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Minocots |
Have one leaf present in a seedling, flower parts are arranged in 3or6 fold symmetry
Orchids, palms, banana, pineapple |
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Dicots |
2/3 of flower plants, have 2 cotyledons e.g. Dandelions, maple tree |
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Dicots |
2/3 of flower plants, have 2 cotyledons e.g. Dandelions, maple tree |
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Biotechnology |
Use of artificial methods to modify the genetic material of living organisms or cells -manipulating an organisms DNA on a molecular level -used for improving livestock or crops since the beginning of agriculture
Example: vaccines or antibiotics |
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Cloning |
- the creation of a genetically identical copy of an organism -reproductive cloning: creating a perfect replica of an entire organism e.g sheep -molecular cloning: replicas of short stretch DNA |
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Plasmid |
A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently from chromosomal DNA bacteria |
Used in cloning process |
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Reproductive cloning |
Used to make a clone or an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism |
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Reproductive cloning |
Used to make a clone or an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism |
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Reproductive cloning |
Used to make a clone or an identical copy of an entire multicellular organism |
Dolly the sheep |
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Sexual Reproduction |
Involves Union during fertilization of haploid egg and sperm cells -resulting diploid zygote divides using mitosis to create multicellular organism |
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Genetic engineering |
Using recombinant DNA technology to modify an organism DNA to achieve desirable traits |
GMOs |
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Genetic Testing |
Process of testing for genetic defects before administrating treatment Angelina Jolie had 87% chance of getting breast cancer so she had a double mastectomy to prevent it from happening |
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Nemotodes |
- looks like worms -complete digestive system with distinct mouth an anus -Exoskeleton provides protecting but restricts growth |
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Nemotodes |
- looks like worms -complete digestive system with distinct mouth an anus -Exoskeleton provides protecting but restricts growth |
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Anthropods |
-exoskeleton sheds and replaces for them to increase size -open circulatory system: blood bathes the internal organs rather than circulating in vessel E.g. Ants cockroaches lobsters (have book gills) |
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Mollusks |
Mostly marine species with a variety of forms, large squid to a snail. Clams oysters mussels quids
Visceral Mass: contains internal organs Dorsal Mantle: a flap of tissue over the visceral mass that creates a large cavity used for breathing and excretion. Redula: scrapping structure of mouth |
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Mollusks |
Mostly marine species with a variety of forms, large squid to a snail. Clams oysters mussels quids
Visceral Mass: contains internal organs Dorsal Mantle: a flap of tissue over the visceral mass that creates a large cavity used for breathing and excretion. Redula: scrapping structure of mouth |
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Annelids |
Segmented worms found in marine terrestrial and freshwater habitats e.g worms and leeches. -divided into head, body, tail |
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4 types of animal tissue |
Nervous Tissues: contains nerve cell, which transmit nerve impulses
Muscle Tissue: contracts to cause all types of body movement.
Connective Tissue: provide many functions including transport and structural support e.g blood and bone
Epithelial Tissue: covers the internal and external surfaces of organs inside the animal body and the external surface of the body of the organism |
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Chordates |
1.) a notochord: flexible, rod-shaped structure found in the embryonic stage 2.) dorsal hollow nerve chord: underneath skin developed into the brain 3.) pharyngeal slits: opening in the pharynx behind the mouth that extend outside the environments, allows water to exit mouth 4.) post-anal tail: contains skeletal elements and muscles - helps local motion in aquatic species |
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Invertebrate and Vertebrate |
No back bones and have back bones
Invertebrate: hagfish have a skull but no vertebral column; the have cartilage rather than bones |
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Amphibians |
-vertebrates with 4 limbs -moist skin; allows 02 and Co2 exchange with the environment -"tailed" "tail-less" and "legless" -some are lungless, they use gills and skin - e.g. Frogs, caecilians, salamanders - |
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Reptiles, birds, Mammals |
-all amniotic; have membrane surrounding the fetus Different from amphibians because of the hard shell -most mammals do not lay eggs but have amniotic membrane in internal gestation |
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Ectothermic |
Main source of body heat comes from environment |
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Endothermicl |
Generate own body Heat through metabolic processes vEx birds, a reptilevwith feathers, have Pneumatic Bones: hollow on the inside. |
Generate own body Heat through metabolic processes Ex birds, a reptile with feathers, have Pneumatic Bones: hollow on the inside. |
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Fragmentation |
Part of a parent can separate and grow into a new individual. E.g stationary aquatic animals |
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Parthenogenesis |
Unfertilized eggs developed into new offspring e.g certain invertebrates |
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ANIMAL BODY SYMMETRY |
Asymmetrical: animals have no pattern in body plan. E.g. Sponge Radial: animals have a longitudinal (up and down) orientation. Mirrored halves. E.g. Sea anemone Bilateral: vertical plane, mirrored right or left sides. E.g goat |
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Embryonic Development |
Layering of early tissue -each layer developed into a specific set of tissue and organs -Diploblasts: animals that develop 2 embryonic germ layers, these animals have radial symmetry -Triploblast: animals that develop 3 embryonic germ layers , these have bilateral symmetry. Eg goat |
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Sponges |
-they are monoecious; carry both sperm and eggs, sperm is carried by water currents to fertilize the eggs -lack true tissues in which specialized cells are organized into functional groups -all are aquatic most are marine -much of the sponge body structure is dedicated to moving water through the body. -allows it to filter out food, absorb dissolved oxygen and eliminate wastes |
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Intracellular digestion |
Food particles are trapped in mucus produced by inner layer of sponge body cell and are ingested |
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Fragmentation |
A piece of the sponge breaks off and develops into a new individual |
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Cnidarians |
-radial symmetry and at diploblastic (2 tissue layers)! - e.g. Jelly fish -stinging cells in mouth and tentacles immobilizes prey -No organs or organ system |
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Flatworms |
-are acoelomate; body contains no cavities or spaces between the outer surface and the inner digestive tract - 3 embryonic germ tissue; surface, internal, and the lining of the digestive system |
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4 types of animal tissue |
Nervous Tissues: contains nerve cell, which transmit nerve impulses
Muscle Tissue: contracts to cause all types of body movement.
Connective Tissue: provide many functions including transport and structural support e.g blood and bone
Epithelial Tissue: covers the internal and external surfaces of organs inside the animal body and the external surface of the body of the organism |
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Chordates |
1.) a notochord: flexible, rod-shaped structure found in the embryonic stage 2.) dorsal hollow nerve chord: underneath skin developed into the brain 3.) pharyngeal slits: opening in the pharynx behind the mouth that extend outside the environments, allows water to exit mouth 4.) post-anal tail: contains skeletal elements and muscles - helps local motion in aquatic species |
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Invertebrate and Vertebrate |
No back bones and have back bones
Invertebrate: hagfish have a skull but no vertebral column; the have cartilage rather than bones |
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Amphibians |
-vertebrates with 4 limbs -moist skin; allows 02 and Co2 exchange with the environment -"tailed" "tail-less" and "legless" -some are lungless, they use gills and skin - e.g. Frogs, caecilians, salamanders - |
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Reptiles, birds, Mammals |
-all amniotic; have membrane surrounding the fetus Different from amphibians because of the hard shell -most mammals do not lay eggs but have amniotic membrane in internal gestation |
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Ectothermic |
Main source of body heat comes from environment |
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Endothermicl |
Generate own body Heat through metabolic processes vEx birds, a reptilevwith feathers, have Pneumatic Bones: hollow on the inside. |
Generate own body Heat through metabolic processes Ex birds, a reptile with feathers, have Pneumatic Bones: hollow on the inside. |
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Mammals |
-vertebrates that have hair and mammary glands to provide nutrition -endothermic -hair provide insulation -different gland produce hair, sweat, or milk - |
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Monotremes |
3 species; platypus and spiny ant eater - only mammals that lay eggs -they at endothermic but have lower body temperature / |
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Fragmentation |
Part of a parent can separate and grow into a new individual. E.g stationary aquatic animals |
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Parthenogenesis |
Unfertilized eggs developed into new offspring e.g certain invertebrates |
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ANIMAL BODY SYMMETRY |
Asymmetrical: animals have no pattern in body plan. E.g. Sponge Radial: animals have a longitudinal (up and down) orientation. Mirrored halves. E.g. Sea anemone Bilateral: vertical plane, mirrored right or left sides. E.g goat |
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Embryonic Development |
Layering of early tissue -each layer developed into a specific set of tissue and organs -Diploblasts: animals that develop 2 embryonic germ layers, these animals have radial symmetry -Triploblast: animals that develop 3 embryonic germ layers , these have bilateral symmetry. Eg goat |
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Sponges |
-they are monoecious; carry both sperm and eggs, sperm is carried by water currents to fertilize the eggs -lack true tissues in which specialized cells are organized into functional groups -all are aquatic most are marine -much of the sponge body structure is dedicated to moving water through the body. -allows it to filter out food, absorb dissolved oxygen and eliminate wastes |
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Intracellular digestion |
Food particles are trapped in mucus produced by inner layer of sponge body cell and are ingested |
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Fragmentation |
A piece of the sponge breaks off and develops into a new individual |
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Cnidarians |
-radial symmetry and at diploblastic (2 tissue layers)! - e.g. Jelly fish -stinging cells in mouth and tentacles immobilizes prey -No organs or organ system |
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Flatworms |
-are acoelomate; body contains no cavities or spaces between the outer surface and the inner digestive tract - 3 embryonic germ tissue; surface, internal, and the lining of the digestive system |
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4 types of animal tissue |
Nervous Tissues: contains nerve cell, which transmit nerve impulses
Muscle Tissue: contracts to cause all types of body movement.
Connective Tissue: provide many functions including transport and structural support e.g blood and bone
Epithelial Tissue: covers the internal and external surfaces of organs inside the animal body and the external surface of the body of the organism |
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Chordates |
1.) a notochord: flexible, rod-shaped structure found in the embryonic stage 2.) dorsal hollow nerve chord: underneath skin developed into the brain 3.) pharyngeal slits: opening in the pharynx behind the mouth that extend outside the environments, allows water to exit mouth 4.) post-anal tail: contains skeletal elements and muscles - helps local motion in aquatic species |
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Invertebrate and Vertebrate |
No back bones and have back bones
Invertebrate: hagfish have a skull but no vertebral column; the have cartilage rather than bones |
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Amphibians |
-vertebrates with 4 limbs -moist skin; allows 02 and Co2 exchange with the environment -"tailed" "tail-less" and "legless" -some are lungless, they use gills and skin - e.g. Frogs, caecilians, salamanders - |
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Embryonic Development |
Layering of early tissue -each layer developed into a specific set of tissue and organs -Diploblasts: animals that develop 2 embryonic germ layers, these animals have radial symmetry e.g. jellyfish -Triploblast: animals that develop 3 embryonic germ layers , these have bilateral symmetry. Eg goat |
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Sponges |
-they are monoecious; carry both sperm and eggs, sperm is carried by water currents to fertilize the eggs -lack true tissues in which specialized cells are organized into functional groups -all are aquatic most are marine -much of the sponge body structure is dedicated to moving water through the body. -are intercellular: allows it to filter out food, absorb dissolved oxygen and eliminate wastes |
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Endothermicl |
Generate own body Heat through metabolic processes vEx birds, a reptilevwith feathers, have Pneumatic Bones: hollow on the inside. |
Generate own body Heat through metabolic processes Ex birds, a reptile with feathers, have Pneumatic Bones: hollow on the inside. |
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Mammals |
-vertebrates that have hair and mammary glands to provide nutrition -endothermic -hair provide insulation -different gland produce hair, sweat, or milk - |
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Monotremes |
3 species; platypus and spiny ant eater - only mammals that lay eggs -they at endothermic but have lower body temperature / |
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Marsupials |
Example: kangaroo, koala
-most have a pouch where the offspring resides after birth, it retrieves milk and continue to develop - |
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Fragmentation |
Part of a parent can separate and grow into a new individual. E.g stationary aquatic animals |
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Parthenogenesis |
Unfertilized eggs developed into new offspring e.g certain invertebrates |
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Amphibians |
-vertebrates with 4 limbs -moist skin; allows o2 and Co2 exchange with the environment -"tailed" "tail-less" and "legless" -some are lungless, they use gills and skin - e.g. Frogs, caecilians, salamanders - |
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Embryonic Development |
Layering of early tissue -each layer developed into a specific set of tissue and organs -Diploblasts: animals that develop 2 embryonic germ layers, these animals have radial symmetry -Triploblast: animals that develop 3 embryonic germ layers , these have bilateral symmetry. Eg goat |
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Sponges |
-they are monoecious; carry both sperm and eggs, sperm is carried by water currents to fertilize the eggs -lack true tissues in which specialized cells are organized into functional groups -all are aquatic most are marine -much of the sponge body structure is dedicated to moving water through the body. -allows it to filter out food, absorb dissolved oxygen and eliminate wastes |
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Endothermic |
Generate own body Heat through metabolic processes vEx birds, a reptilevwith feathers, have Pneumatic Bones: hollow on the inside. |
Generate own body Heat through metabolic processes Ex birds, a reptile with feathers, have Pneumatic Bones: hollow on the inside. |
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Fragmentation |
A piece of the sponge breaks off and develops into a new individual |
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Cnidarians |
-radial symmetry and at diploblastic (2 tissue layers)! - e.g. Jelly fish -stinging cells in mouth and tentacles immobilizes prey -No organs or organ system |
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Flatworms |
-are acoelomate; body contains no cavities or spaces between the outer surface and the inner digestive tract - 3 embryonic germ tissue; surface, internal, and the lining of the digestive system |
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Placental Mammals |
-all species have a placenta that connects a fetus to the mother, allowing for gas, fluid, waste, and nutrient exchange -example; bats, rodents, cat, dogs, humans |
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Placental Mammals |
-all species have a placenta that connects a fetus to the mother, allowing for gas, fluid, waste, and nutrient exchange
3 Groups 1. Monotremes 2. Marsupial 3. Primates
-example; bats, rodents, cat, dogs, humans |
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Primates |
-Include lemurs, monkeys, humans. -all have adaption for climbing trees - characteristics; larger brains, nails instead of claws, typically one offspring per pregnancy, stereoscopic vision 2 Main Groups 1.) Strepsirhines: nocturnal, smaller size, smaller brain example lemurs 2.) Haphlorhines: larger size, larger brain, likely to be group living. Ex monkeys |
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Atoms |
Made up of protons and neutrons within the nucleus, with electrons surrounding -smallest component of an element - |
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