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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peasants |
majority of middle eastern population, agriculture for livelihood, only ceased being in majority about 30 years ago farmers taxed and looted by merchants and pastoral nomads brought cultural background with them when urbanized |
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Pastoral Nomads |
significant role animal raising, long distance trade, rational adaptation, used water and seasons, followed weather patterms for life allied with Merchants for trade tribal/kinsman/chief ties brought cultural background with them when urbanized |
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Ottomans |
non-national dynastic empire subjects owed rulers obidience ruled from southeast europe, north africa, rulers oblidged to serve justice justice = shariah (islamic) law no impostion of linguistic borders legally recognized ruling class inherit status |
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Qajars |
non-national dynastic empire shi'a islam modern day Iran legally recognized ruling class inherit status no imposition of linguistic borders |
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Imperialism of Free Trade (ca. 1815-1870) |
-(ca. 1815-1870) -Britain used it's sea power and diplomacy to open up new markets for it's manufactured goods -Signed with Ottoman Empire in 1838 -Signed with Iran/Persia in 1841 -Britain established dominance wherever free trade prevailed -Capitalism played large role in dominance of Great power countries, especially because of new atlantic trade, which did not match the --eastern model of an economy based on subsistence -English goods undersold local produts |
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Capitulation agreements |
-Permission from Shah/Sultan for merchants from foreign lands to do business (sort of like a visa/diplomatic immunity) -Accountable to their respective country's representative within Ottoman/Persian land -Power shift allowed European countries to grant immunities to their merchants -mostly christians and jews -By 19th century had created whole communities who were immune to ottoman and qajar laws and taxes -first one negotiated with France in 1536 |
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Muhammad Ali Pasha |
-1805-1848 -autonomous ruler of Egypt , sought indepence for Egypt -first modern style state in Egypt characterized by reforms including forced military conscription, effective tax system to support growing bureaucracy, irrigation systems, cultivation of cash crops (cotton) , reduction of power of ulamma by controlling Waqf's ,(religious tax exemptions), monopoly system -seized Ottoman Syria-Palestine in 1831 to defy Ottoman sultan (restored by british brokered agreement) -regime overextended itself and lead to threat from ottoman ruler as well as british forces -his descendants (products of his dynastically inclined reforms) ruled egypt until 1952 |
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Janissary Infantry |
professional standing infantry corps slave army known for discipline, morale, and professionalism paid regular salaries in 15th and 16th century, they were the outstanding military unit in europe became a threat to the state in 18th century, decline of discipline, avoided restrictions, developed reluctance to engage in combat, rebelled |
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Sultan Mahmud II (r.1808-1839) |
(r. 1808- 1839) -ottoman sultan -abolished Janissaries in 1826 -established new style army and used it to depose of Janissaries -dress code for civil servants regardless of religion (fes and frock coat to show europeanization) -wanted sultanate to be focus of paternal popular loyalty -reign paved way to tanzimat reforms -favoured "the French Knowers" |
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Tanzimat |
(1839-1876) Ottoman -intensive phase of ottoman reformist activity -inspiration for reforms came from Europeanized Ottoman bureaucrats, the French Knowers shaped by institutions of Mahmud II -Rashid Pasha (an influential dude) - 1839 decree Hatt-i Sharif of Gulhane, abolition of tax farming, standardization of military conscription, elimination of corruption (extended to all Ottoman subjects regardless of religion) - 1856, end of Crimean War Hatt-i Humayan repeated these principles and reiterated equality of all subjects -sought to create sense of ottomanism -long term effect of ottomanism undermined entire basis of ottoman system |
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Ottomanism |
-acceptance of equality of all religions
-brought about by Tanzimat reforms of 1839 and 1856 -break down millets (religious groups that were self governing) -replace religious ordering where muslims were superior -secular organization of society |
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Nasir al-Dinh Shah |
(r.1848-1896) Qajar Iranian ruler -sought to be in the public eye through public ceremonies in Tehran, influenced by redesign of paris and ordered construction of a large boulevard -tried to increase revenues by making economic concessions to Britain and Russia -had to rely on tribal armies but couldn't pay them -characterized a time of Iran leadeship having no military security, no administrative stability and little ideological legitimacy -weak gov't strengthened ulama -assassinated in 1896 -Cost of canceling the british tobacco concession in 1892 caused him to take out iran's first foreign loan from a british bank |
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Dar al-Funun |
1851(Qajar Iran) poly-technical school designed to train high level military administrative elites --> many graduates wanted reform, state-building and centralization growing frustration when Qajars wouldn't reform european teachers and languages similar to those established in egypt and ottoman empire |
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Cossack Brigade |
1879 created by Nasir al-Din Shah only significant military unit in Iran at the time commanded by russian officers palace guard assigned to protect throne but couldn't defend country's borders |
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Suez Canal |
1869 -combination of french technical expertise and egyptian government investment, forced labour by egyptian peasants -shortened sea route between Europe and India -enhanced Egypt's strategic importance to great powers especially Britain |
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Khedive Isma'il |
(r.1863-1879) Egyptian ruler -convened representative assembly in 1866 (modern parlimentary institution) -railroads, urban planning, schools and the Suez Canal cost a lot of money -sold Suez Canal shares to britain 1875 -bankruptcy 1876 -egypt's finances came under british and french control in 1878 -grandson of Muhammad Ali Pasha -forced adbication under french and british pressure |
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Ahmad Urabi |
(d.1911) -colonel of native egyptian background -"Egypt for Egyptians" leader of first Egyptian national movement curing 1881-82 -against Turco-Circassian aristocrats and French and British interventions -First half of 1882 dominated by his movements -defeated in July 1882, followed by Khedive Tawfiq, a weak British puppet |
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Lord Cromer |
(British Consul-General 1883-1907) -british occupation of egypt starting in 1882 -managed egyptian economic political and social development to enhance britains objectives - economy geared to the export of raw materials for british industry -embodied "White Man's Burden" -insisted egyptians were unprepared for independence and limited educational opportunities available to them -fostered growth of Egyptian nationalism |
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Sultan Abdul Hamid II |
1876-1909 Ottoman
-last Ottoman Sultan to exercise unrestrained royal authority (of political consequence) -suspended constitution, claimed Caliphate, Pan-Islamic rule, appealed to relgious sentiments -Hijaz Railway (1908) combined military and religious motives -downplayed ottomanism -overthrown by The Young Turks in 1909 -his autocratic style extended gov'ts reach but his policies fomented dissent among liberals |
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CUP- Committee of Union and Progress |
-1909 (photograph)
- military officers and civil servants -The "Young Turks" wanted highly centralized Ottoman government dominated by patriotic modern trained state oriented and turkish speaking men like themselves |
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Tobacco Protest |
(1891-92) Iran -1890, Nasar al-Din grants English company exclusive right to sell, produce and export Iran's entire tobacco crop, a product widely consumed and marketed by Iranians -resentment of Nasar al-Din's gov't, Imperialist economic exploitation of Iran lead to open revolt -encouraged and lead by ulama to "preserve dignity of Islam in the face of growing foreign influences" denounced gov't -declared use of tobacco unlawful until concession was cancelled framed in context of twelver shi'ism -demonstrated Iranian people could be controlled through framed religious reasoning |
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Constitutional Revolution |
(1906-1911) Tehran -aided by Britain, imposed constitutional convention on weak Muzaffar al-Din Shah -socially conservative men of property and armed militant activists -general strike sought to remake Iran in various ways |
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Jamal al-Din Afghani |
(d.1897) -embodiement of political activism dimension of Islamic revival -emphasis on Islamic solidarity -felt Islam was in accord with the scientific spirirt and demands of human reason but that Muslims had become ignorant of the true principles of their faith -called for overthrow and was anti-imperalist |
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Muhammad Abduh |
(d.1905) -disciple of Al-Afghani -exiled in 1882 -cheif Islamic official in Egypt in 1899 -reforms of shari'ah court system -Islam as compatible with modernity, there did not have to be a choice between the two -Salafiyyah movement associated with his name, stems from salaf, suggests that human reason is important within islamic society -positive change was not the preserve of the Christian West but also permissible even encouraged in a properly understood interpretation of Islam -his followers took his thoughts to extremes, some considered him founder of a rigid school of interpretation and others regarded him as the sponsor of the unbounded application of human reason |
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World Zionist Organization |
(1897) -umbrella organization brought together grassroots zionist organizations and activists -subsequent years worked for the cause of a proposed Jewish state in Palestine -Jewish National Fund, est. 1901 to acquire land for Jewish use |
