Intro To Sociology: Milligan College

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theory

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a statement of how and why specific facts are related

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manifest function

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the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern

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latent function

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the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern

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surveys

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a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions on a questionnaire or in an interview

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participant observation

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a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities

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experiments

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a research method for investigation cause and effect under highly controlled conditions

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correlation

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a relationship in which two or more variables change together

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sample

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a sample

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status

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a social position that a person holds

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achieved status

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a social position a person takes on voluntarily that reflects personal ability and effort

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ascribed status

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a social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later on in life

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master status

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a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life

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role

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behavior expected of someone who hold a particular status

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role strain

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tension among the roles connected to a single status

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role conflict

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conflict among the roles connected to two of more statuses

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norm

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rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

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socialization

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the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

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anticipatory socialization

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learning that helps a person achieve a desired position

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ethnocentrism

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the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture

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alienation

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the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness

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anomie

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Durkheim's term for a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals

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self

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George Herbert Mead's term for the part of an individual personality composed of self awareness and self image

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looking glass self

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Charles Horton Cooley's term for a self image based on how we think others see us

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modernization

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the process of social change begun by industrialization

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neocolonialism

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a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations

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primary group

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a small social group whose members share personal and lasting relationships

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gender

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the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male

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secondary group

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a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity

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bureaucracy

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an organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

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sexism

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the belief that one sex is innately superior to another

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race

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a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important

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ethnicity

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a shared cultural heritage

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racism

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the belief that one racial category is innately superior to another

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prejudice

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a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people

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symbol

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anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture

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social institution

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a major sphere of social life, or social subsystem, organized to meet human needs

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absolute poverty

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a lack of resources that is life threatening

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power

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the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others

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authority

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power that people perceive as legitimate rather that coercive

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social construction of reality

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the process by which people creatively shape reality through social interactions

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society

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people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture

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culture

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the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life

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social structure

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any relatively stable pattern of social behavior

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social stratification

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a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy

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sociology

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the systematic study of human society

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Jane Addams

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Hull House, gave assistance to immigrant families. Chose the life of a public activist.

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Karl Marx

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class conflict

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Max Weber

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Understanding a situation from the point of view of the people in it. People choose topics they care about. Irrationality.

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Emile Durkheim

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religion. the way society is organized

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Georg Simmel

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how urban life shapes individual experience. dynamics of small social groups.

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George Hebert Mead

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the self

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C.H. Cooley

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the looking glass self. primary groups

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Talcott Parsons

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gender

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Erving Goffman

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institutions

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Robert Merton

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role set

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Deborah Tannen

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gender differences