Intro To Soc Chp. 7

Front 1

Identify: deviance

Back 1

the recongnized violation of cultural norms

Front 2

Identify: crime

Back 2

-the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal laws enacted by local, state or federal governments.
-2 major categories of serious crime:
1.Crimes against the person (violent crime)
2. Crime against property (property crime)

Front 3

Identify: social control

Back 3

attempts by a society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior

Front 4

Identify: criminal justice system

Back 4

a formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law

Front 5

Identify: labeling theory

Back 5

-the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
-Claims that deciance depends less on what someone does than on how others react to that behavior. If people respond to primary deviance by stigmatizing a person, secondary deviance and a deviatn career may result.

Front 6

Identify: stigma

Back 6

a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity

Front 7

Identify: medicalization of deviance

Back 7

-the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
-In practice, this means a change in labels, replacing "good" and "bad" with "sick" and "well"

Front 8

Identify: white-collar crime

Back 8

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
-Sutherland claimed sch offenses are rarely prosecuted and are most likely to end up in civil rather than criminal court.

Front 9

Identify: corporate crime

Back 9

the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on it's behalf
- Although corporate crimes cause considerable public harm, most cases of corporate crime go unpunished.

Front 10

Identify: organized crime

Back 10

a business supplying illegal goods or services
-Has a long history in the US, especially among categories of people with few legitimate opportunities.

Front 11

Identify: hate crime

Back 11

a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
--They target people with disadvantages based on race, gender, or sexual orientation.

Front 12

Identify: crimes against the person

Back 12

(violent crimes) crimes that direct violence or the thread of violence against others

Front 13

Identify: crimes against property

Back 13

(property crimes) crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others

Front 14

Identify: victimless crimes

Back 14

violations of law in which there are no obvious victims

Front 15

Identify: plea bargaining

Back 15

a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea

Front 16

Identify: retribution

Back 16

-an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime
-The oldest justification for punishment
-Punishment is society's revenge for a moral wrong
-In principle, punishment should be equal in severity to the crime itslef

Front 17

Identify: deterrence

Back 17

-the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment
-An early modern approach
-Crime is considered social disruption which society acts to control.
-People are viewed as rational and self-interested; deterrence works because the pain of punishment outweighs the pleasure of crime.

Front 18

Identify:rehabilitation

Back 18

- a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses
- A modern strategy linked to the development of social sciences.
-Crime and other deviance are viewed as the result of social problems (such as poverty) or personal problems (such as metal illness).
-Social conditions are improved; treatment is tailored to the offender's condition.

Front 19

Identify: societal protection

Back 19

-rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment of permanently by execution
-A modern approach easier to carry out than rehabilitation.
-If society is unable or unwilling to rehabilitate offenders or reform social conditions, people are protected by the imprisonment or execution of the offender.

Front 20

Identify: criminal recidivism

Back 20

later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

Front 21

Identify: criminal recidivism

Back 21

later offenses by people preciously convicted of crimes

Front 22

Identify: community-based corrections

Back 22

-correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls
-Include probation and parole. These programs lower the cost of supervising people convicted of crimes and reduce prison overcrowding but have not been shown to reduce recidivism.

Front 23

Crime is a special type of deviance how?

Back 23

refers just to violations of law.

Front 24

Emile Durkheim explains that deviance is what?

Back 24

Found in every society

Front 25

Using Robert Merton's strain theory, a person selling illegal drugs for a living would fall into which category?

Back 25

Innovator

Front 26

Labeling theory states that deviance is what?

Back 26

Arises not from what people do as much as how others respond

Front 27

When Jakes friends began calling him a "dope-head", he left the group and spent more time smoking marijuana. He also began hanging out with others who used drugs, and by the end of the term, he had dropped out of college. Edwin Lemert would call this situation an example of what?

Back 27

Developing secondary deviance

Front 28

A social-conflict approach claims that who a society calls deviant depends on what?

Back 28

Who does and does not have power

Front 29

Stealing a laptop computer from the study lounge in a college dorm is an example os what criminal offenses?

Back 29

Larceny-theft

Front 30

The FBI's criminal statistics used in chapter 7 reflect what?

Back 30

Offenses know to the police

Front 31

About 61 percent of the people arrested for violent crime in the US are what?

Back 31

White.

Front 32

Which of the following is the oldest justification for punishing an offender.

Back 32

Retribution

Front 33

"Theories of Deviance" are approached from what three angles?

Back 33

Biological Theories
Psychological Theories
Sociological Theories

Front 34

Explain the Biological Theories of Deviance.

Back 34

- Focus on Individual abnormality
-Explain human behavior as the result of biological instincts
-Lamboroso claimed criminals have app-like physical traits; later research links criminal behavior to certain body types and genetics.

Front 35

Explain the Psychological Theories of Deviance.

Back 35

-Focus on individual abnormality
-See deviance as the result of "unsuccessful socialization"
-Reckless and Dinitz's containment theory links delinquency to weak conscience

Front 36

Explain the Sociological Theories of Deviance.

Back 36

-Views all behavior-deviance as well as conformity-as products of society. Sociologist point out that:
1. What is deviant varies from place to place according to cultural norms
2. behavior and individuals become deviant as others define them that way
3.What and who a society defines as deviant reflects who has and who does not ahve social power

Front 37

Explain
The Functions of Deviance: Structural-Functional Analysis

Back 37

Durkheim claimed deviance is a normal element of society that:
-Affirms cultural norms and values
-Clarifies moral boundaries
-Brings people together
-Encourages Social change

Merton's "Strain Theory" Explains deviance in terms of a society's cultural goals and the means of available to achieve them.
Deviant subcultures are discussed by Cloward and Ohlin, Cohen, Miller, and Anderson.

Front 38

Explain
Labeling Theory:Symbolic-Interaction Analysis

Back 38

Involves Labeling Theory an medicalization of Deviance (see other cards)
Also:
-Sutherland's differential association theory: links deviance to how much others encourage or discourage such behavior.
-Hirschi's "control theory": states that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior. People who are well integrated into society are less likely to engage in deviant behavior.

Front 39

The Structural-Functional Approach views deviance from what level of analysis?

Back 39

Macro-level

Front 40

The Structural-Functional Approach views deviance as what? what part does it play in society?

Back 40

Deviance is a basic part of social organization. By defining deviance, society sets its moral boundaries.

Front 41

The Structural-Functional Approach views what important about deviance?

Back 41

Deviance is universal: All societies contain deviance.

Front 42

The Symbolic-Interaction Approach views deviance from what level of analysis?

Back 42

Micro-level

Front 43

The Symbolic-Interaction Approach views deviance as what? What part does it play in society?

Back 43

Deviance is part of socially constructed reality that emerges in interaction. Deviance comes into being as individuals label something as deviant.

Front 44

The Symbolic-Interaction Approach views what important about deviance?

Back 44

Deviance is a variable: Any act or person may or may not be labeled as deviant.

Front 45

The Social-Conflict Approach views deviance from what level of analysis?

Back 45

Macro-level

Front 46

The Social-Conflict Approach views deviance as what? What part does it play in society?

Back 46

Deviance results from social inequality.
Norms, including laws, reflect the interests of powerful members of society.

Front 47

The Social-Conflict Approach views what important about deviance?

Back 47

Deviance is political: people with little power are at high risk of becoming deviant.

Front 48

From the Theoretical Analysis of Deviance...explain "Deviance, Race, and Gender"

Back 48

Based on Karl Marx's ideas, social-conflict theory holds that laws and other norms operate to protect the interests of powerful members of any society.
-White-collar offenses
-Corporate Crime
- Organized Crime

Front 49

Explain
"deviance and Inequality: Social-Conflict Analysis"

Back 49

-What people consider deviant reflects the relative power and privileges of different categories of people.
-hate crimes...
- In the US and elsewhere, societies control the behavior of women more closely than men.

Front 50

Explain: Patterns of Crime in the US.

Back 50

-Offical statistics show that arrest rates peak in late adolescence and drop steadily with advancing age.
-About 70% of people arrested for property crimes and 82% of people arrested for violent crimes are male.
- "Street Crime" is more common among people of lower social position. Including whit-collar and corporate crime makes class differences in criminality smaller.
- More whites than African Americans are arrested for street crimes. However, African Americans are arrested more often than whites in relation to their population size. Asian Americans have a lower-than -average rate of arrest.
- By world standards, the US crime rate is high.

Front 51

Identify the three components of the US Criminal Justice System.

Back 51

Police
Courts
Punishment

Front 52

Explain the Police component of the US Criminal Justice System.

Back 52

The police maintain public order by enforcing the law.
-Police use personal discretion in deciding whether and how to handle a situation.
-Research suggests that police are more likely to make an arrest if the offense is serious, if bystanders are present, or if the suspect is African American or Latino

Front 53

Explain the Courts component of the US Criminal Justice System.

Back 53

Courts rely on an adversarial process in which attorneys-one representing the defendant and one representing the state-present their cases in the presence of a judge who monitors legal procedures.
-In practice, US courts resolve most cases through plea bargaining. Though efficient, this method puts less powerful people at a disadvantage.

Front 54

What are the four justifications for punishment?

Back 54

Retribution
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Societal Protection