Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Identify: Social Change
|
The transformation of culture and social institutions over time
|
|
|
Identify: Social Movement
|
an organized activity that encourages or discourages social change
|
|
|
Identify: Claims making
|
the process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue
|
|
|
Identify: relative deprivation
|
A perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison
|
|
|
Identify: disaster
|
An event that is generally unexpected and that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property
|
|
|
Identify: modernity
|
- social patterns resulting from industrialization.
- refers to the social consequences of industrialization, which include the decine of traditional communities, the expansion of personal choice,increasing social diversity, and a focus on the future. |
|
|
Identify: modernization
|
the process of social change begun by industrialization.
|
|
|
Identify: division of labor
|
specialized economic activity
|
|
|
Identify: anomie
|
Durkheim's term for condition in whcih society provides little moral guidance to individuals
|
|
|
How did Ferdinand Tonnies describe modernization?
|
as the transition from "gemeinschaft" to "gesellshaft", characterized by the loss of traditional community and the rise of individualism.
|
|
|
How did Emile Durkheim see modernization?
|
as a society's expanding division of labor. "Mechanical Solidarity", based on shared activites and beliefs, is gradually replaced by "Organic Solidarity", in which specialization makes people interdependent.
|
|
|
How did Max Weber see modernity?
|
as the decline of a traditional worldview and the rise of rationality. Weber feared the dehumanizing effects of rational organization.
|
|
|
How did Karl Marx see modernity?
|
As the triumph of capitalism over feudalism. Capitalism creates social conflict, which Marx claimed would bring about revolutionary change leading to an egalitarian socialist society.
|
|
|
Identify: Mass society
|
a society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened tradtional social ties.
|
|
|
Identify: Class soceity
|
A capitalist society with pronounced social stratification.
|
|
|
Identify: social character
|
personality patterns common to members of a particular society
|
|
|
Identify: traditional-directedness
|
rigid conformity to time-honored ways of living
|
|
|
Identify: other-dierectedness
|
openness to the latest trends and fashions, often expressed by imitating others
|
|
|
Identify: postmodernity
|
-Social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies
- refers to the cultural traits of postindustrial societies. Postmodern criticism of society centers on the failure of modernity, and specifically science, to fulfill its promise of prosperity and well-being |
|
|
Identify the causes of social change
|
Culture
Social Conflict Ideas Demographic Factors Disasters |
|
|
How is culture a cause of social change?
|
-Invention produces new objects, ideas, and social patterns
-Discovery occurs when people takes notice of existing elements of the world -Diffusion creates change as products, people, and information spread from one society to another |
|
|
How is social conflict a cause of social change?
|
-Karl Marx claimed that class conflict between capitalists and workers pushes society toward a socialist system of production
- Social conflict arising from class, race, and gender inequality has resulted in social changes that have improved the lives of working people |
|
|
How is Ideas a cause of social change?
|
Max Weber traced the roots of most social changes to ideas:
- The fact that industrial capitalism developed first in areas of Western Europe where the Protestant work ethic was strong demonstrates the power of ideas to bring about change |
|
|
How is Demographic Factors a cause of social change?
|
Population patterns play a part in social change:
-The aging of US society has resulted in changes to family life and the development of consumer products to meet the needs of the elderly. -Migration within and between societies promotes change. |
|
|
How is disasters a cause of social change?
|
cause unexpected social change
-Natural disasters (example: Katrina) -Technological disasters (example: nuclear accident at the Chernobyl power plant) - Intentional disasters (example: Rawanda genocide) |
|
|
Identify: Types of social movements
|
-Alterative Social (example: Promise Keepers) Movements: seek limited change in specific individuals.
-Redemptive social movements seek radical change in specific individuals (example: AA) -Reformative social movements seek limited change in the whole society (example: the enviornmental movement) - Revolutionary social movements seek radical change in the whole society (example: the Communist Party) |
|
|
What are some of the explanations of social movements?
|
1. Deprivation theory: Social movements arise among people who feel deprived of something, such as income, safe working conditions, or political rights
2. Mass-Society theory: Social movements attract socially isolated people who join a movement in order to gain a sense of identity and purpose 3. Resource Moblization Theory: success of a social movement is linked to available resources, including money, labor, and the mass media. 4. Culture Theory: Social movements depend not only on money and resources but also on cultural symbols that motivate people 5. New social movements theory: Social movements in postindustrial societies are typically international in scope and focus on quality-of-life issues |
|
|
Explain how the Structural-Functional Theory sees Modernity as Mass Society
|
-According to mass-society theory, modernity increases the scale of life, enlarging the role of government and other formal organizations in carrying out tasks previously preformed by families in local communities.
-Cultural diversity and rapid social change make in difficult for people in modern societies to develop stable identities and to find meaning in their lives |
|
|
Explain how the Social-Conflict Theory sees Modernity as Class Society
|
-According to class-society theory, modernity involves the rise of capitalism into a global economic system resulting in persistent social inequality.
- By concentrating wealth in the hands of a few, modern capitalist societies generate widespread feeling of alienation and powerlessness |
|
|
What are the cultural patterns (values, norms, time orientation, technology) in traditional societies?
|
1. Values: Homogeneous; sacred character; few subcultures and countercultures
2. Norms: Great moral significance; little tolerance of diversity 3. Time Orientation: Present linked to past 4. Technology: Preindustrial; human and animal energy |
|
|
What are the cultural patterns (values, norms, time orientation, technology) in modern societies?
|
1. Values: Heterogeneous; secular character; many subcultures and countercultures
2. Norms: Variable moral significance; high tolerance of diversity 3. Time Orientation: Present linked to future 4. Technology: Industrial; advanced energy sources |
|
|
What are the social structures (Status and role, Relationships, communication, social Control, Social stratification, gender patterns, settlement patterns) in traditional societies?
|
1. Status and Role: few statuses, most ascribed; few specialized roles
2. Relationships: Typically primary; little anonymity or privacy 3. Communication: Face to face 4. Social Control: Informal gossip 5. Social stratification: Rigid patterns of social inequality; little mobility 6. Gender Patterns: Pronounced patriarchy; woman's lives centered on the home 7. Settlement patterns: Small-scale; population typically small and widely dispersed in rural villages and small towns |
|
|
What are the social structures (Status and role, Relationships, communication, social Control, Social stratification, gender patterns, settlement patterns) in modern societies?
|
1. Status and role: Many statuses, some achieved; many specialized roles
2. Relationships: Typically secondary; much anonymity and privacy 3. Communication: face-to-face communication supplemented by mass media 4. Social control: Formal police and legal system 5. Social stratification: Fluid patterns of social inequality; high mobility 6. Gender patterns: Declining patriarchy; increasing number of women in the paid labor force 7. Settlement patterns: Large-scale; population typically large and concentrated in cities |
|
|
What are the Social Institutions (Economy, State, Family, Religion, Education, Health) in traditional societies?
|
1. Economy: Based on agriculture; much manufacturing in the home; little white-collar work
2. State: Small-scale government, little state intervention in society 3. Family: Extended family as the primary means of socialization and economic production 4. Religion: Religion guides worldview; little religious pluralism 5. Education: Formal schooling limited to elites 6. Health: High birth and death rates; short life expectancy because of low standard of living and simple medical technology |
|
|
What are the Social Institutions (Economy, State, Family, Religion, Education, Health) in modern societies?
|
1. Economy: Based on industrial mass production; factories become centers of production; increasing white-collar work
2. State: Large-scale governments; much state intervention in society 3. Family: Nuclear family retains some socialization functions but is more a unit of consumption than of production 4. Religion: Religion weakens with the rise of science, extensive religious pluralism 5. Education: Basic schooling becomes universal, with growing proportion receiving advanced education 6. Health: Low birth and death rates, longer life expectancy because of higher standard of living and sophisticated medical tehnology |
|
|
How does social change behave in traditional societies?
|
Slow; change evident over many generations
|
|
|
How does social change behave in modern societies?
|
Rapid; change evident within a single generation
|
|
|
What is the process of modernization in mass society?
|
Industrialization; growth and bureacracy
|
|
|
What is the process of modernization in class society?
|
Rise of capitalism
|
|
|
What is the process of modernization in mass society?
|
Increasing scale of life; rise of the state and other formal organizations
|
|
|
What is the process of modernization in class society?
|
Expansion of the capitalist economy; persistence of social inequality
|
|
|
Explain:
Mass Society: Problems of Identity |
-Mass-society theory suggests that the great social diversity, widespread isolation, and rapid social change of modern societies make it difficult for individuals to establish a stable social identity.
-David Riesman described the changes in social character that modernity causes: 1. Preindustrial societies exhibit "tradition-directedness": Everyone in society draws on the same solid cultural foundation, and people model their lives on those of their ancestors. 2. Modern societies exhibit "other-directedness": Because their socialization occurs in societies that are continuously in flux, other-directed people develop fluid identities marked by superficiality, inconsistency, and change |
|
|
Explain:
Class Society:Problems of Powerlessness |
-Class-society theory claims that the problem facing most people today is economic uncertainty and powerlessness
- Herbert Marcuse claimed that modern society is irrational because it fails to meet the needs of so many people - Marcuse also believed that technological advances further reduce people's control over their own lives - People suffer because modern societies have concentrated both wealth and power in the hands of a privileged few |
|
|
Explain:
Modernity and Progress |
Social Change is too complex and controversial simply to be equated with progress
- A rising standard of living has made lives longer and materially more comfortable; at the same time, many people are stressed and have little time to relax with their families; measures of happiness have declined over recent decades. -Science and technology have brought conveniences to out everyday lives, yet many people are concerned that life is changing too fast; the introduction of automobiles and advanced communications technology have weakened traditional attachments to hometowns and even to families |
|
|
Sociologists use the term "modernity" to refer to social patterns that emerged when?
|
After the industrial Revolution
|
|
|
What are some common causes of social change?
|
1. Invention of new ideas and things
2. Diffusion from one cultural system to another 3. Discovery of existing things |
|
|
Karl Marx highlighted the importance of what in the process of social change?
|
Social conflict
|
|
|
Max Weber's analysis of how Calvinism helped create the spirt of capitalism and highlighted the importnace of what in the process of social change?
|
Ideas
|
|
|
What term was used by Ferdinand Tonnies to describe a modern society?
|
Gesellshaft
|
|
|
According to Emile Durkheim, modern societies have what?
|
An increasing division of labor
|
|
|
Hurricane Katrina is one recent case of what?
|
A natural disaster
|
|
|
Sociologists who describe modernity in terms of class-society theory focus on what?
|
The rise of capitalism
|
|
|
David Riesman described the other-directed social character typical of modern people as what?
|
-Rigid conformity to tradition
-Eagerness to follow the latest fashion fads -Highly individualistic |
