Intro To Psychopathology Final Review

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Common Features of Anorexia Nervosa

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Refusal to maintain a normal weight; disturbance in perceiving shape; preoccupation with food; mood problems; fearing of gaining wieight/losing control

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Name and describe the two types of anorexia nervosa

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1. Restricting type: limits calorie intake

2. Binge-eating-purging: rely on purging; binges on small amounts of food; purges more constantly

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Features of Bulimia

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aka binge purge syndrome; uncontrollable overeating; within 10% normal weight ; binge carefully planned; usually begins with feelings of tension; person feels unable to stop eating; followed by guilt, depression, fear of weight gain

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What behaviors are performed during a binge?

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self-induced vomiting; misuse of laxatives; fasting; excessive excessive

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features of binge eating disorder?

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recurrent episodes of binging; usually rapid eating; eating large amounts without physical hunger; eating eating until uncomfortably full; feeling of self-disgust, depression, and severe guilt; similar features as bulimia; not as driven to thinness; equal in men and women

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Theoretical causes of eating disorders:

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1. Social factors-western society emphasis on thinness

2. Staying in childhood-girls don't want to become women physicallly

3. Biological factors-disorders run in family, 4x5 more common in relatives

4. Troubled family relationships-often emphasize thinees; family system

5.Struggle for control-ineffective parenting;

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Obesity

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not listed in DSM IV; often results in unpopular teens with low self esteem;

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Treatments for anorexia

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treatment center; psychological treatments-cognitive behavioral; family therapy

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Treatments for Bulimia

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drug treatments-antidepressants; cognitive-behavioral therapy; interpersonal therapy; psychodynamic therapy; group therapy

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Treatments for Binge eating

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cognitive behavioral; anti-depressants

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Name and describe the two features of dependence

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Tolerance: a persons needs increase doses of the substance in order to keep desired effect

Withdrawl: a person experiences pleasant and a times dangerous symptoms

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Amphetamines

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most natural stimulant known; different forms; Highs: euphoric rush, excited, energetic, talkative, faster pulse, higher BP, faster breathing; cocaine intoxication: poor muscle coordination, bad judgment, aggression; crash: depressing effect, breathing stops, brain seizures, may cause death

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Ritalin

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very strong stimulant drug manufactured in labs; may be prescribed for weight loss, narcolepsy, ADHD, rarely prescribed; very similar affects as cocaine

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Nicotine

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type of treatment for ADHD

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Hallucinogens

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mild stimulant, active ingredient in tobacco products;

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Examples of hallucinogens

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drugs that result in some kind of perceptional/sensation change; Perceptual changes can differ from individual to individual, substance to substance

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Cannabis

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LSD(flashbacks-tolerance may develop); Ecstasy/MDMA: a combination of hallucinogen and stimulants;

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Causes of Substance related disorders

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Marijunana; THC main ingredient; most powerful is hashish; when smoked produce mixture of hallucogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects; interfere with sensor motor functions; tar linked to cancer

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Biological Treatments for Alcohol Substance abuse

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Sociocultural-proverty levels,use accepted;

Psychodynamic-dependency needs, personality;

Cognitive Behavioral-operant conditioning;

Biological;-genetics; decreases neurotransmitter production

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Other addictive disorders

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detoxification; and drug maintenance therapy

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Define psychosis and list its causes

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Gambling disorder; different from social gambling i.e. trip to Vegas; similar causes to substance use disorder; Treatments include relapse prevention training, gamblers anonymous

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Schizophrenia

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loss of contact with reality; taking psychoactive drugs(LSD, cociain, meth, ect.), dementia(intellectual/personality impairment), brain injury or trauma, illness like encephalitis, severe abuse or deprivation

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History of schizophrenia

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most common type of psychosis; usually appear in young adults; pretty high suicide rate due to auditory hallucination; more common in lower classes; equal number in men and women

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The two types of symptoms of schizophrenia

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commonly described as madness; often explained by demonology; King Saul; Hippocrates imbalance of humors; Kreapelin dementia praexoc; Swiss Bleurler named Schizo means split mind

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Describe the aspects of positive behavior

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Positive symptoms and negative symptoms

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Describe the four most common types of delusions

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Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucination

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Explain the types of disorganized thinking and speech

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PATHOLOGICAL EXCESS, BIZAREE ADDITIONS TO PERSONS BEHAVIOR; Delusions of persecution-slander, threatened; delusions of references-attach special significance of actions of other, objects or events; delusions of grandeur-believe to be great inventors, historical figures, religious saviors, ect.; delusion of control-thoughts and actions being controlled by others, receiving commands

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Describe the heightened perceptions and hallucinations aspect.

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Loose association-rapid shifts in topic, incoherent statements they think makes sense; Neologism-making up words; Perseverating-repeating words or statements; Clang-speaking in rhymes

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Describe the innappropriate affect aspect of positive symptoms.

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Visual; Auditory-most common(hearing voices); less common types tactile, somatic, olfactory

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Describe the negative symptoms of schizophenia

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emotions not suited to situations; laughing during a sad moment; sudden mood shift

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Behaviors that should be present are lacking; Poverty of speech-alogia(poverty of content) or echolaia(repeating what others say); blunted and flat affect; anhedonia(lack of pleasure, indifference); disturbances in volition(apthathy, no interest in goals); disturbed relationships

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what are psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia?

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Catatonia or catatonic stupor-totally unaware and unresponsive to environment, motionless and silent for long periods of time;

Catatonic rigidity or posturing-maintain same awkward bizarre positions for long periods of time

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The two types of symptoms of schizophrenia

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commonly described as madness; often explained by demonology; King Saul; Hippocrates imbalance of humors; Kreapelin dementia praexoc; Swiss Bleurler named Schizo means split mind

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Describe the aspects of positive behavior

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Positive symptoms and negative symptoms

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Describe the four most common types of delusions

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Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucination

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Explain the types of disorganized thinking and speech

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PATHOLOGICAL EXCESS, BIZAREE ADDITIONS TO PERSONS BEHAVIOR; Delusions of persecution-slander, threatened; delusions of references-attach special significance of actions of other, objects or events; delusions of grandeur-believe to be great inventors, historical figures, religious saviors, ect.; delusion of control-thoughts and actions being controlled by others, receiving commands

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Describe the heightened perceptions and hallucinations aspect.

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Loose association-rapid shifts in topic, incoherent statements they think makes sense; Neologism-making up words; Perseverating-repeating words or statements; Clang-speaking in rhymes

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Describe the innappropriate affect aspect of positive symptoms.

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Visual; Auditory-most common(hearing voices); less common types tactile, somatic, olfactory

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Describe the negative symptoms of schizophenia

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emotions not suited to situations; laughing during a sad moment; sudden mood shift

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what are psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia?

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Behaviors that should be present are lacking; Poverty of speech-alogia(poverty of content) or echolaia(repeating what others say); blunted and flat affect; anhedonia(lack of pleasure, indifference); disturbances in volition(apthathy, no interest in goals); disturbed relationships

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Phases of schizophrenia

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Prodromal phase-symptoms not prominent, but person deteriorates from previous functioning levels; Active phase-symptoms become prominent, "florid"; Residual phase-return to prodromal level of functioning, florid symtoms of active phase recede but many remain in state of decline, phases may last for days or years

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Name the five different types of Schizophrenia

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disorganized, catatonic, paranoid, undifferentiated, and residual

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Disorganized Schizophrenia

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disorganized behavior, inchoherence(disorganized speech), and flat or inappropriate affect

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Catatonic Schizophrenia

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psychomotor disturbance, spend time in etiher stupor mute and unresponsive or excitement, posturing, echolalia

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Paranoid Schizophrenia

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organized system of delusion and audiotry hallucinations threatening

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Undifferentiated schizophrenia

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those that don't fall into other categories

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Residual schizophrenia

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florid symptoms lessen in intensity and number yet remain with patient in residual form(milder symptoms)

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Type I Schizophrenia

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dominant positive symptoms such as delusion, hallucination, and positive formal thought; best response to medication; excess dopamine in brain

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Type II Schizophrenia

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dominant negative symptoms, such as flat affect, poverty of speech, and loss of violation; don't respond well to medication

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Diagnosing Schizophenia

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During 1 month period at least two symptoms must be present for significant period; 1 or more must be the first three: delusion, hallucination, disorganized speech, grossly abnormal psychomotor behavior including psychomotor behavior, and negative sxs; functioning significantly below prior achievements; and continuous signs of disturbance for 6 months

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Breakthrough treatments for Schizophrenia

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Milieu Therapy-called patients resident, and allow to make more desicisons ect.; Token Economy-rewarding positive behavior, reduced psychotic behaviors; Antipsychotic drugs-differences seen; deinstiutionalizationable to occure; Community approach-day center, halfway houses, occupational training ect.

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Causes of Schizophrenia

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Biological-genetic, dopamine, enlarge ventricles, viral infection inutero; Psychodynamic-Schizophrenogenic mothers overprotective and rejecting; Behavioral-operant condition, bizzare response rewarded with attention; Cognitive-rational path to madness, agree with biological, talking; Sociocultural-social labeling, double blind hypothesis-verbal and nonverbal contradict, high expressed emotion

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Other forms of psychotic Disorders

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Schizophreniform-brief schizophrenia; Schioaffective-combination of schizophrenia and mood disorder; Delusional disorder-only one symptom, not enough to be schizophrenia

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Personality

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uniquely expressed characteristics that influcene behavior, emotion, thought, and interaction; usually individuals fairly consisten

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Personality disorder

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behavior that deviates from expectations of culture; ;begins in adolescence or early adulthood

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Things to keep in mind

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personality disorders are difficult to define and diagnose; very difficult to treat because they seldom seek treatment

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3A cluster disorders

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Paranoidd, schizoid, and schizotypal; odd eccentric behavior; milder symptoms of odd behaviors as schizophrenia

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Paranoid disorder

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prevalent among groups like prisoners, refugees, immigrants, elderly ect; more common in males; vigilant, cautious, quick to react; usually very intelligent; find hidden meanings everywhere and challenge loyalty or trustworkness; reluctant to confide in others; tend to bear grudges

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Schizoid Personality

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don't desire or seek close relationships; almost always choose solitary activities, personal isolation; little interest in few activities, cold, humorless; appear indifferent to praise or criticism; show emotional detachment

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Schizotypal

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Ideas of reference; odd beliefs of magical thinking that influence behavior; unusual pereceptual experience; suspicious or paranoid; inappropriate or constuted affect; behavior or appearance odd or peculiar; lack of friends; excessive social anxiety

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Causes of Cluster A Personality disorders

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Paranoid-demanding parents, distant/rigid father, and overcontrolling/rejecting mothers,mistreated and lack of love, insecure attachments; Schizoid-controlling or abusive parents, distruptive thinking, or negative thoughts; Schizotypal-very similar to schizophrenia causes, defects in attention and short term memory, high dopamine levels, linked to enlarged brain ventricles

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Cluster B "Dramatic" Personality Disorders

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Antisoical, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic

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Anti-social personality disorder

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must be 18 to be diagnosed; linked closely to criminal behavior; may have displayed signs before 15; pervasive pattern or regard and violation of others rights, travel place to place; impulsive egocentric; irritable and agressive

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Borderline Personality Disorder

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major mood shifts; unstable self image; impulsive; anger and hostility; bodily harm; suicidal threats

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Histrionic

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excessive emotional and attention seeking behavior; thrive on being the center of attention; self center, vain, demanding, and constantly seek approval of others; sexually seductive or provocative; emotions tend to be shallow; over reacts to situation

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Narcissistic Personality

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grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy; fantasies of success power or beauty; require constant attention and admiration of others; exaggerate achievement and talents; choosy of people in life; rarely maintain stable long term relationships; seldom receptive to others feeling; take advantage of others to meet needs

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Causes of Cluster B Personality disorders

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Antisocial-lack of love during infancy, modeling, rewarding aggressive behavior, low serotonin behavior, serotonin deficiency;

Borderline-lack of acceptance by parents, physical or sexual abuse, rejected or neglected, low serotonin levels;

Histrionic-cold and controlling parents lead to feelings of unloved, afraid of abandonment, helpless and need others to care for them;

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Cluster C "Anxious" Personality Disorders

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Avoidant, Dependent, Obsessive Compulsive,

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Avoidant Personality disorder

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consistent inhibition in social situations, feeling inadequate, fear of being rejected so they avoid social opportunities, believe they are unappealing or inferior to others, may develop social phobia

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Dependent Personality disorder

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pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of leads to submissive and clinging behavior; difficulty making everyday decisions without excessive advise; difficulty expressing disagreement

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Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder

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preoccupied with orderliness, perfectionism, and control; results in high performance; not OCD; concerned with doing everything right; inflexible in morals, ethics, and values; adhere to own personal code; men twice as likely to be diagnosed;

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Causes of Cluster C

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Avoidant-harsh criticism in early childhood, self-deceating thinking, lack of social skills;

Dependent-unresolved oral stage, rewarding of clinging behavior, helpless thinking;

Obessive Compulsive-anal regressive, overly harsh during potty training

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Personality disorders that can not be treated with medication

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Paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, and narcassicstic

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The personality disorder where the most can be done

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Borderline; Dialectical behavioral therapy; medication; rational psychodynamic therapy; boundary issues;

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Most likely personality disorder to seek treatment

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histrionic; difficult to work with because may be faking; dependent;

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Why do most narcissists come in?

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due to symptoms of another disease; change thought patern in incorporate feeling of other; interpret criticism

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Four major categories of psychoactive substances?

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Depressants, Simulants, Hallucinogens, and CAnnaibis

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Depressants

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substances that slow activity of CNS; shut down can cause coma or death; highly addictive; replace brain endorphin and depress CNS; alcohol, benzodiaphenes, barbituates

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Stimulants

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most commonly used; increase activity of CNS, and make more alert and energetic; enhance activity of norep. and dopamine; high does may result in delusions and hallucinations; cocaine, meth, Ritalin, nicotine

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Hallucinogens

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result in perceptual/sensational change; LSD, ecstasy;