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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology
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The science of mental processes and behavior
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Mental Processes
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Things that your brain does. I.E. store memories, thinking, using languagge, experience emotions
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Behavior
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Outwardly observable acts of a person, either alone or in a group.
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Three levels of analysis
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Level of the: brain, person, group
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Level of the brain
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activity of the brain, structure and properties of the brain.
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Level of the person
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content of mental processes
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Level of the group
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How groups of people affect individual mental processes and behavior
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Structuralism
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-The first formal movement in psychology
Use introspection to discover the elements of mental processes and rules for combining them. |
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Introspection
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"looking within"
"how many windows are in your livingroom at home?" |
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Gestalt Psychology
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Emphasizes the overall patterns of thoughts or experience
example: grouping of circles o o o o o o "The whole is more than the sum of it's parts" |
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Unconscious
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outside our awareness and beyond our ability to bring awareness at will.
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Psychodynamic Theory
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Push-pull interaction among conscious and unconscious forces
example:washing hands until they bleed |
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Behaviorism
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Psychology should focus on understanding directly observable behavior
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Humanistic Psychology
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People have positive values, free will, and deep inner creativity which in combination allow them to choose life-fulfilling paths to personal growth
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Cognitive Psychology
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Attempts to characterize the nature of human information processing
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Cognitive Neuroscience
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"The mind is what the brain does"
-hope to discover the nature, organization, and mental processes by studying the brain |
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Evolutionary Psychology
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The idea that certain cognitive strategies and goals are so important that natural selection has built them into our brains.
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Functionalism
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Study why thoughts, feelings, and behavior occus, how they are adaptive
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Psychotherapy
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Helping clients change so that they can cope with troublesome thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
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Counseling Psychologist
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Help people deal with issues we all face, such as choosing a career, marrying, raising a family, and performing at work.
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Psychiatrist
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can prescribe drugs
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Social Worker
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focus on using psychotherapy to help families and individuals
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Academic Psychologists
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Teach and conduct research
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Applied Psychologists
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principles of psychology in practical areas such as education, industry, and marketing.
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Informed Consent
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Before agreeing to take part, potential participants in a study must be told what they will be asked to do and must be advised of potential risks and benefits of the procedure.
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Debriefed
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Interviewed after the study about their experience
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Operational Definition
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specifies a variable by how it is measured or manipulated
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Pseudopsychology
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"bad psychology"
I.E. palm reading, tea-leaf reading |
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raw data
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individual measurements directly presented
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Meta-analysis
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combine results from different studies
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Neuron types
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Sensory, Motor, internuerons
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Sensory Neurons
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respond to input from the senses
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motor neurons
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send signals to muscles to control movement
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interneurons
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stand between the neurons that register what's out theere and those that control movement
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Brain Circuits
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sets of neurons that affect one another
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axon
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sending end of a neuron
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terminal buttons
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little knoblike structures that release chemicals into the space between neurons when the neuron has been triggered.
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Dendrites
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the recieving end of a neuron. Looks like tree roots.
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Resting potential
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negative charge when neurons are at rest.
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ions
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atoms that are positively or negatively charged
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action potential
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Shifting change in charge
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all-or-none law
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If enough stimulation reaches the neuron, it fires.
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Myelin
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a fatty substance that helps impulses travel down the axon more efficiently.
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Synapse
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where an axon of one neuron sends a signal to the membrane of another neuron
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Neurotransmitters
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chemicals that carry signals crossing from the terminal buttons across the synaptic clefts
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Neuromodulators
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alter the effects pf neurotransmitters.
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Endogenous Cannabinoids
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chemicals released by the receiving neuron that then influence the activity of the sending neuron.
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Reuptake
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the excess neurotransmitter back into the vesicles of the sending neuron.
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Agonists
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a drug that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter substance by activating a particular type of receptor.
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Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors
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block the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
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Antagonists
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block particular receptors.
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Peripheral Nervous System
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links the brain to the organs of the body
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Autonomic Nervous System
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controls the smooth muscles in the body and some glandular functions
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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comes into play in response to a threat in the environment. Speeds up the heart and breathing rate.
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Sensory-somatic nervous system
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input-output connections
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Skeletal System
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consists of nerves that are attached to muscles that can be triggered voluntarily.
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Spinal cord
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flexible rope of nerves that runs inside the backbone
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Reflex
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an automatic response to an event
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Meninges
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Three protective layered membranes that cover the brain
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Cerebral Hemisphere
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Each "half-brain"
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lobes
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four parts of each cerebral hemisphere
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Corpus Callosum
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what connects to two parts of the brain
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Cerebral Cortex
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Outer layer of the brain
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Sulci
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creases on the brain
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Gyri
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areas between the sulci
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Ventricles
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Hollow areas in the center of the brain.
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Parietal lobes
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Involved in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control.
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Temporal lobes
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Involved in visual memory and hearing.
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Somatosensory Strip
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The brain area which registers sensation on the bodt and is organized by body part.
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Frontal Lobes
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Planning, memory search, motor control, reasoning, and other numeric functions.
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Motor Strip
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Controls fine movements and is organized by bodt parts.
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Split-brain patient
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A person whose callosum has been severed for medical reasons, so that neuronal impulses no longer pass from one hemisphere to the other.
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Forebrain
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The cortex, thalamis, limbic system, and basal ganglia
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Thalamus
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a subcortical structure that receives inputs from sensory and motor systems and palys a crucial role in attention; often thought of as a switch center.
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Hypthalamus
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A brain structure that sits under the thalamus and plays a central role in controlling eating and drinking and in regulating the body's temperature, blood pressure, and heart rate.
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Hippocampus
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A subcortical structure that plays a key role in allowing new information to be stored in the brain's memory banks.
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Amygdala
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A subcortical structure that plays a special tole in fear and is involved in other sorts of emotion, such as anger.
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Limbic system
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A set of brain areas, including the hippocampus, amygdala, and other areas, that have long been thought of as being involved in the 4 F's. Fighting, fleeing, feeding, and mating.
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Basal Ganglia
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play a role in planning and producing movement
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Brain Stem
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The set of neural structures at the base of the brain, including the medulla and pons.
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Medulla
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THe lowest part of the lower brain stem, which plays a central role in automatic control of breathing, swallowing, and blood circulation.
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Reticular Formation
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Two-part structure in the brainstem; the ascending part plays a key role in keeping a person awake and alert; the "descending" part is important in producing autonomic nervous system reactions.
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Pons
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A bridge between the brainstem and the cerebellum that plays a role in functions rnaging from sleep to control of facial muscles.
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Cerebellum
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A large structure at the base of the brain that is concerned in part with physical coordination, estimating time, and paying attention.
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Hindbrain
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The medulla, pons, cerebellum, and parts of the reticular formation.
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Midbrain
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Brainstem structures that lie between forebrain and hindbrain, including parts of the reticular formation.
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Hormone
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A chemical that is produced by a gland and can act as a neuromodulator.
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Neuroendocrine system
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The system, regulated by the CNS, that makes hormones that affect many bodily functions.
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Testosterone
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THe hormone that causes males to develop facial hair and other sex characteristics and to build up muscle volume.
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Estrogen
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THe hormone that causes breasts to develop and is involved in the menstrual cycle.
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Cortisol
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A hormone produced by the outer layer of the adrenal glands that helps the body cope with the extra energy demands of stress by breaking down and converting protein and fat to sugar.
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Pituitary gland
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The "master gland" that regulates other glands but itself controlled by the brain.
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Hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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The hypothalamus, pituitary gland, abd adrenal glands, which work together to fight off infection.
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Lesion
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a region of impaired tissue
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Stroke
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A source of brain damage that occurs when blood fails to reach part of the brain, causing neurons in that area to die.
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Electroencephalograph
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A machine that records electircal current produced by the brain.
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Electroencephalogram
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A recording from the scalp of electrical activity in the brain over time, which produces a tracing of pulses at different frequencies.
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Magnetoencephalography
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A technique for assessing brain activity that relies on recording magnetic waves from the outside of the head.
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Microelectrode
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A tiny probe inserted into the brain to record the electrical activity of individual neurons.
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Neuroimaging
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Brain-scanning techniques that produce a picture of the structure or functioning of neurons.
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Computer-assisted tomography
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A neuroimaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image of brain structures using X-rays.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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A technique that uses magnetic properties of atoms to take sharp pictures of the structures of the brain.
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Positron emission tomography
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A neuroimaging techjnique that uses small amounts of radiation to track blood flow or energy consumption in the brain.
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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A type of MRI that usually detects the amount of oxygen being brought to a particular place in the brain while a task is performed.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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A technique that uses magnetic properties of atoms to take sharp pictures of the structures of the brain.
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Positron emission tomography
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A neuroimaging techjnique that uses small amounts of radiation to track blood flow or energy consumption in the brain.
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Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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A type of MRI that usually detects the amount of oxygen being brought to a particular place in the brain while a task is performed.
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Knock out mice
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Mice in which part of the genetic code has been sinpped away, deleting all of a gene so that it is disabled.
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Knockin Mice
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Mice in which a new gene has been added or substituted for one already there.
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Dark Adaptation
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THe process whereby exposure to darkness causes the eyes to become more sensitive, allowing for better vision in the dark.
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Sensation
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THe awareness of properties of an object or event that occurs when a type of receptor is stimulated.
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Perception
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The act of organizing and interpreting sensory input as signaling a particular object or event.
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Optic Nerve
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The large bundle of nerve fibers carrying impulses from the retina into the brain.
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Opponent process theory of color vision
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The theory that if acolor is present, it causes cells that register it to inhibit the perception of the complementary color.
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Afterimage
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The image left behind by a previous perception
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Opponent Cells
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Cellts that put colors in a pair, most notably blue/yellow or green/red, against each other.
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Color Blindness
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An inability, either acquired or inherited to perceive certain hues.
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Pop out
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Phenomenon that occurs when a stimulus is sufficiently different fromn the ones around it that it is immediately evident.
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Cocktail Party phenomenon
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The effect of not being aware of other people's conversations until your name is mentioned, and then suddenly hearing it.
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Trance Logic
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An uncritical acceptance of incongruous, illogical events during a hypnotic trance.
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Alcohol Myopia
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The disproportionate influence of immediate experience on behavior and emotion due to the effect of alcohol use.
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Flashback
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a hallucination that recurs without the use of a drug.
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