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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is Psychology? |
The scientific study of the mind, brain, and behaviour. |
Study of 3 things |
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5 Main Challenges of Psychology |
1) Behaviour is difficult to predict. 2) Psych influences are rarely independent. 3) Individual differences among people. 4) People influence one another. 5) Behaviour is shaped by culture. |
Prediction, independence, individuality, others, culture. |
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Scientific Theories |
An explanation for a large number if findings in the natural world. |
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Confirmation Bias |
A tendency to seek evidence that supports our hypothesis, or neglecting/distorting contradicting evidence. |
Wanting to confirm your hypothesis no matter what. |
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Belief Perseverance |
A tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence is contradictory. The "don't confuse me with facts" bias. |
Turning a blind eye |
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Scientific Scepticism |
A willingness to keep an open mind to all claims. To accept claims only after researchers have subjected then to careful scientific tests. |
Be sceptical |
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Ruling Out Rival Hypotheses |
Have important alternative explanations for the findings been excluded? |
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Correlation vs. Causation |
Can we be sure that A causes B? |
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Falsifiability |
Can the claim be disproved? |
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Replicability |
Can the result be duplicated in other studies? |
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Extraordinary Claims |
Is the evidence as strong as the claim? |
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Occam's Razor |
Does a simpler explanation fit the data as well? |
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History |
Psychology was originally considered a part of philosophy. Psychology was the marking of breaking away from spiritualism. William Wundt ran the first psychology lab in 1879. |
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Introspection |
A method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences. |
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Structuralism |
Wundt & Titchner. Aim: identify the most fundamental elements of psychological experience. Building blocks of consciousness. |
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Functionalism |
William James (influenced by Darwin) Aim: understanding the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics. |
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Behaviourism |
Watson & Skinner Aim: uncovering the general laws of learning by focusing on external observable elements. "Black Box Psychology" |
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Cognitive |
Piaget & Neisser Aim: understand mental processes underlying thinking in a variety of context. It's about how you think. |
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Psychoanalysis |
Freud & Jung Aim: uncovering internal processes we are unaware of. Freudian Slip - accidentally saying out loud what you're thinking. |
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