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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental psychology |
the branch of psychology that studies the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life |
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Nature-nurture issue |
the issue of the degree to which environment and heredity influence behavior |
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Identical twins |
twins who are genetically identical |
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Cross-sectional research |
a research method that compares people of different ages at the same point of time |
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Longitudinal research |
a research method that investigates behavior as participants get older |
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Chromosomes |
rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary information |
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Genes |
the parts of the chromosomes through which genetic information is transmitted |
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Zygote |
the new cell formed by the union of an egg and sperm |
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Embryo |
a developed zygote that has a heart, a brain, and other organs |
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Fetus |
a developing individual from 8 weeks after conception until birth |
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Age of viability |
the point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely |
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Teratogens |
environmental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect |
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Neonate |
a newborn child |
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Reflexes |
unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli |
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Havituation |
the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus |
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Attachment |
the positive emotional bond that develops between a child an a particular individual |
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Authoriatarian parents |
parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestiong obedience from their children |
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Permissve parents |
parents who give their children relaxed or inconsistent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them |
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Authoritative parents |
parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them |
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Uninvolved parents |
parents who show little interest in their children and are emotionally detached |
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Temperament |
a basic, inborn characteristic way of responding and behavioral style |
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Psychosocial development |
development of individuals' interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society |
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Trust v. Mistrust Stage |
According to Erikson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occurring from birth to age 1&1/2 years, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of trust |
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Autonomy v. Shame & Doubt Stage |
the period during which, according to Erikson, toddlers (ages 1&1/2 to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected |
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Initiative v. Guilt Stage |
the period during which children 3 to 6 years experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action |
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Industry v. Inferiority Stage |
the last stage of childhood, during which children ages 6 to 12 years may develop positive social interactions with others or may feel inadequate and become less sociable |
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Cognitive development |
the process by which a child's understanding of the world changes due to their age and experience |
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Sensorimotor Stage |
According to Plaget, the stage from birth to 2 years during which a child has little competence in representing the environment by using images, language, or other symbols |
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Object permanence |
the awareness that objects and people, continue to exisst even if they are out of sight |
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Preoperational Stage |
According to Plaget, the period from 2 to 7 years of age that is characterized by language development |
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Egocentric thought |
a way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or her own perspective |
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Principle of conservation |
the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects |
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Concrete Operational Stage |
According to Plaget, the period from 7 to 12 years of age that is characterized by logical thought and a loss or egocentrism |
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Formal Operational Stage |
According to Plaget, the period from age 12 to adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought |
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Information processing |
the way in which people take in, use, and stores infromation |
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Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) |
According to Vygotsky, the gap between what children already are able to accomplish on their own and what they are not quite ready to do by themselves |
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Adolescence |
the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood |
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Puberty |
the period at which maturation of the sexual organs occurs, beginning at about the age 11 or 12 for girls and 13 or 14 for boys |
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Identity v. Role Confusion Stage |
According to Erikson, a time in adolescence of major testing to determine one's unique qualities |
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Identity |
the distinguishing character of the individual: who each of us is, what our roles are, and what we are capable of |
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Intimacy v. Isolation Stage |
period during early adulthood that focuses on developing close relationships |
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Generativity v. Stagnation Stage |
period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society |
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Ego Integrity v. Despair Stage |
period from late adulthood until death during which we review life's accomplishments and failures |
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Emerging adulthood |
the period beginning in the late teenage years and extending into the mid-20s |
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Menopause |
the period during which women stop menstruating and are no longer fertile |
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Genetic preprogramming theories of aging |
theories that suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit to their reproduction and that they are no longer able to divide after a certain time |
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Wear-and-tear theories of aging |
theories that suggest that the mechanical functions of the body simply stop working efficiently |
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Alzheimer's disease |
a progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities |
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Disengagement theory of aging |
the theory that suggests that successful aging is characterized by a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels |
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Activity theory of agining |
the theory that suggests that successful aging is characterized by maintaining the interests and activities of earlier stages of life |
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Life review |
the process by which people examin and evaluate their lives |
