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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Learning
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a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
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Classical conditioning
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a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
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Neutral stimulus
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a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
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Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
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a stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
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Unconditioned response (UCR)
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a response that is natural and needs no training (e.g., salivation at the smell of food)
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Conditioned stimulus (CS)
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a once-neutral stimulus that has been paired with a unconditioned stimulus to bring about a response formerly caused only by the unconditioned stimulus
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Conditioned response (CR)
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a response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus (e.g., salvation at the ringing of a bell).
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Extinction
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a basic phenomenon of learning that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears
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Spontaneous recovery
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the reemergence of a extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
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Stimulus generalization |
a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response |
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Stimulus discrimination |
the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not; the ability to differentiate between stimuli |
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Operant conditioning |
learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences |
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Reinforcement |
the process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated |
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Reinforcer |
Any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again |
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Positive reinforcer |
a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response |
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Negative reinforcer |
an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future |
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Punishment |
a stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again |
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Schedules of reinforcement |
different patterns of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior |
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Continuous reinforcement schedule |
a schedule in which behavior is reinforced every time the behavior occurs |
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Partial (or intermittent) reinforcement schedule |
a schedule in which behavior is reinforced some but not all of the time |
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Fixed-ratio schedule |
a schedule in which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made |
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Variable-ratio schedule |
a schedule by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than after a fixed number |
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Fixed-interval schedule |
a schedule in which reinforcement is provided for a response only after a fixed time period has elapsed |
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Variable-interval schedule |
a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed |
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Shaping |
the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
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Behavior modification |
a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behhaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones |
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Cognitive learning theory |
an approach to the study of learning that focuses on he thought processes that underlie learning |
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Latent learning |
learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it |
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Observational learning |
learning by observing the behavior of another person, or model |
