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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Independent variable
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the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. p.32
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Dependent variable
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the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
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Cause and effect
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---??
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Correlation ____ ___ prove causation
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does not
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Random Assignment
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assigning participants to experimental and control groups by change, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
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dendrite
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the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
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Axon
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the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons tor to muscles or glands.
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myelin sheath
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insulates the axon of some neurons and helps speed their impulses
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action potential
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a brief electrical charge that travels down its axon
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brainstem
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central core of the brain, responsible for automatic survival functions
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medulla
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base of the brainstem;controls heartbeat and breathing
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reticular formaiton
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a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controling arousal
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thalamus
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brain's sensory switchboard, directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
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cerebellum
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"little brain" processes sensory input and coordinates movement, output and balance
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amygdala
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lima bean sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emiotion
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frontal lobes
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behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgements
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parietal lobes
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top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position
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occipital lobes
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back of the head; recieves information form the visual fields
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temporal lobes
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above the ears; each receives information primarily form the opposite ear.
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circadian rhythm
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the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour cycle.
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Rem sleep
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when vivid dreams commonly occur
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stage 1 of sleep
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heart rate rises, breathing becomes rapid and irregular
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Effects of sleep deprivation
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increases hunger-arousing hormones, increases stress hormones, suppresses immune cells, irritability, slowed performance, impaired creativity, concentration, and communication
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sleep apnea
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when you stop breathing during sleep.
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susceptibility to hypnosis
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anyone who can turn attention inward and imagine is able to experience some degree of hypnosis.
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heritability
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the extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes
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twin studies
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understanding how shared genes can translate into shared experiences. Identical twins are much more similar than fraternal on extraversion and neuroticism
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selection effect
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kids tend to seek out peers with similar attitudes and interestes to their own.
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gender roles
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a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.
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biosocial approach
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---??
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Sensorimotor stage
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from birth to 2 years.
-inflants know the world mostly in terms of sensory impressions and motor activities. -object permanence, stranger anxiety |
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preoperational stage
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2-6 or 7 years old.
-learning to use language but not comprehending the mental operations of concrete logic |
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Concrete operational stage
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7-11 years
-children gain the metal operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. |
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formal operational stage
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12-adulthood
-people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. |
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assimilate
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interpreting things in terms of our current understandings
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accommodation
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adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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attachment
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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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Parental influence on adolescents
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they being to pull away from their parents. Arguments between them occur more often. Parent-child conflict greater with first-born than second-born
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life satisfaction in old age
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peaks in the fifties and then gradually declines after 65
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Sensation
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process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.
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Perception
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process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
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What happens to the light as it enters the eye?
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Enters through the cornea, passes through the pupil, the lens focuses the incoming light rays on the retina and then lens focuses the rays by changing its curvature called accommodation.
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Gestalt
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an organized whole. Emphasizing our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
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Figure/ground
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organization of the visual field into objects that stand out form their surroundings.
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Classical conditioning
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learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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operant conditioning
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learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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fixed-ratio schedules
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reinforce behavior after a set number of responses
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variable-ratio schedules
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provide reinforces after an unpredictable number of responses
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fixed-interval schedules
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reinforce the first response after a Fixed Period of Time.
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variable-interval schedules
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reinforce the first response after varying time intervals.
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reinforcement
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in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.
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punishment
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any consiquence that decreases the frequency of a preceding behavior
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encoding
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the processing of information into the memory system. Get into the brain!)
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retrieval
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getting information out of memory storage
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long term memory
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permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Knowledge, skills, and experiences
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short term memory
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activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten
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implicit memory
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retention independent of conscious recolletion
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Cognition
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
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confirmation bias
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seeking evidence verifying our ideas more eagerly than we seek evidence that might refute them
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syntax
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the rules we use to order words into sentences
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babbling
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at 4 months, stage of speech development where they spontaneously utter a variety of sounds.
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Binet's contribution to IQ
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IQ- a person's mental age/ chronological age
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Spearman's g factor
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general intelligence- underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
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Mental age
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the level of performance typically associated with a certain chronological age
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Twins and IQ
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identical twins reared together are virtually as similar as those of the same person taking the same test twice.
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bias
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tests are biased if they detect innate differences in intelligence and also performance differences caused by cultural experiences
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motivation
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a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it toward a goal
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drive
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a physiological need that creates an aroused state
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instincts
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a complex behavior that has a fixed pattern throughout a species and is unlearned.
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arousal theory
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human motivation aims to seek optimum levels of arousal
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Maslow hierarchy
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base=physiological needs that must be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
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need to belong
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we have a need to affiliate with others. When we feel included, accepted and loved by those important to us, our sself-esteem rides high
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components of emotion
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a mix of: physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, consciously experienced thoughts.
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general adaptation syndrome
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Sey'es concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages
-alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
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problem-focused coping
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attempting to alleviate stress directly
-change the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor |
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perceived control
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percieving a loss of control, we become more vulnerable to ill health. . Helps explain a well-established link between economic status and longevity
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internal locus of control
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the perception that you control your own fate
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external locus of control
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the perception that chance our outside forces beyond your control determine your fate
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Id
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striving to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce and aggress. Operates on the pleasure principle. seek immediate gratification
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ego
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reality principle. -seeking to gratify the id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure
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superego
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the voice of our moral compass. forces the ego to consider not just the real but the ideal. Focuses on how we out to behave.
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Big 5 factors of Personality
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Conscientiousness
Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extraversion |
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self-serving bias
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our readiness to perceive ourselves favorably
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medical model
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concept that diseases-psychological disorders- have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, cured
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anxiety disorders
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episodes characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
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Phobia
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anxiety disorders in which an irrational fear cuses a person to avoid an object, activity, or situation
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bipolar disorder
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alternating between depression and overexcited state of mania. Manic-depressive disorder
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schizophrenia symptoms
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disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, inappropriate emotions and actions, paranoia
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Eclectic approach
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uses techniques form various forms of therapy
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client centered therapy
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focusing on the person's conscious self-perceptions. Active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate clients' growth. developed by Carl Rogers.
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Group therapy
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provides a setting to allow people to discover that others have problems similar to their own and receive feedback as they try out new ways of behaving
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Stanford Prison Experiment
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how role-playing affects attitude
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Milgram studies
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Obedience. How far we will go because we feel that we have to obey someone
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stereotypes
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generalized belief about a group of people
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bystander effect
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being less likely to give aid when other bystandards are present
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