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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Zygote
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Fertilized egg
Chromosomes from parents 23 each parent but 46 in all |
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3 stages of Prenatal Development
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Germinal Period
Embryonic Period Fetal Period |
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Germinal Period
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First 2 weeks
Rapid Cell division Implanted in uterin wall Embryo |
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Embryonic Period
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weeks 3-8 the organs and major systems, and sex organs show up. The amniotic sac cushions the baby. The umbilical cord provides nutrients, oxygen, and water. This also prevents blood from mixing.
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Teratogens
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The placenta cannot prevent against harmfull substances like
Raiation Toxic industrial chemicals Diseases Drugs |
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Fetal Period
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3 months to birth
Amniocentesis- gather sample of amniotic fluid. Checks abnormalities. Fetus is able to move its: arms legs mouth head by 5 months- regular wake and sleep periods by 6 months- brain activity almost the same as a newborn by 7 months- double in weight. Gain 3-4 pounds of fat |
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Infant and Child Development
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Physical Development
Temperament Social Development Attachment Language Development Parenting |
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Apperance
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They look all wrinkly and have a cone head till it all smooths out over time
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Milestones in Infant Development
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3 months-rolling over
3.5 months-hold and reach for rattle 5.5 months-sit up 6 months- stand with help 11.5 months-stand alone 12 months-walking 17 months-walk up stairs only |
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Depth Perception
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Ellenor Gibson
she tested at 6 months and kids had a depth perception according to the test, but also tested a 2 month old and they also had it |
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Temperament
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Predisposition to behave and react in certian way
Strong genetic basis Parents can help |
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Temperament Classification
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Easy-40%
Difficult-10% Slow to warm up-15% 35% don't fit in to a group |
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Easy babies
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40%
Adapt to new experiences Positive moods and emotions regular sleeping and eating patterns |
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Difficult Babies
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10%
Intensely emotional Irritable Fussy Cry a lot |
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Slow to warm up babies
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15%
Low activity levels Withdraw from a new situations and people Adapt gradually |
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Social Development
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Social smile
Self-Awareness Separation Anxiety Stranger Anxiety |
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Social smile
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The smile comes out with a social stimuli
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Self-Awareness
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They are aware their own body
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Separation Anxiety
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Hits when 8-24 months
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Stranger Anxiety
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Feat of strangers 8-12 months
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Attachment
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Emotional bond formed between infant and caregiver
Harry Harlow-monkey study Attachment Styles- Secure and Insecure |
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Secure Attachment Style
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Parents are consistently:
Warm Responsive Sensitive to infant's needs They love mom and dad |
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Insecure Attachment Style
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Parents are:
Neglectful Inconsistent Insensitive to infant's needs Don't know what kinda of parents they are getting each day |
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Strange Situation
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Mary Ainsworth
Explain situation- MOm and baby come in room, they play around. Then stranger enters room and plays. Then mom leaves and strangers plays with child. Then mom returns and stranger leaves |
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Strange Situation Results
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Securely attached
Secure base- mom Shows distress- when mom leaves Can be comforted- by stranger greets mother- mom |
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Strange Situation Results continued
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Insecurely attached:
anxious inconsolable ignores mother Types of insecure attachment Avoidant Resistant Disorganized |
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Avoidant
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no contact with mom, sad when left and stranger didn't help
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Resistant
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didn't explore enviorment, had to peel of mom
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Disorganized
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dazed and confused
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Language Development
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Noam Chomsky
Biological Predisposition Language comprehension before language production |
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By 3 months
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cooo sound
Ahhh sound Repetition of vowel sounds |
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By 5 months
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babble
ba- ba- ba Repetition fo meaningless language sounds |
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By 12 months
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momma
Single-word stage |
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Between 18-20 months
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Vocabulary of 50 words
Put 2 words together |
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By 24 months
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Daddy go
Put 3 words together Telegraphic speech 150 words |
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Parentese or child directed speech
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speech used when talking to infants
Marked by: Raised voice short, simple sentences repetition |
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Purposes of Parentese
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Simplify
Attract and maintain Teach |
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Simplfy
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short and to the point only
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Attract and maintain
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Say loud enough to listen to
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Teach
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try to get them to say short phrases
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Parenting Styles
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Authoritarian
Authoritative Permissive |
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Authoritarian
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follow the rules
Do it cause I said so Most fathers follow this type Children have withdrawls from situtations |
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Authoritative
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Parents are willing to explain rules and punishments
Children are resposible, reliant, high academic, and have high self-esteem |
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Permissive
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Rules, may be strict but they are not enforced or followed through.
Children have drinking problems, low self esteem, low academics |
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Effective Parenting
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Have a stable rules of conduct that are consistent.
Show mutual respect, love, encouragement, and shared enjoyment. I messagae tells the child the effect it had on the parent. You messages are threats |
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Differences in Parenting
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Mothers are nurturing
Fathers are the playful types |
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Theories of Development
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Cognitive
Psychosocial |
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Cognitive Development
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Most influential theory
Jean Piage Child actively make sense of enviornment Children are blank slates |
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More Cognitive Development
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Continuous, and gradual
Biological programmed Hereditary and environmental 4 distinct stages: Sensorimotor Preoperational Concert Operational Formal Operational |
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Sensorimotor
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Birth to 2 years
Acquire knowledge through senses Out of sight out of mind By end object permanence |
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Preoperational Stage
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ages 2-7
Symbolic thought Words,images,and symbols for representations Language acquistions Fantasy and imagination Egocentrism Irreversibility Centration Consevation 2 equal physical quanitites remain equal even if the appearance is changed |
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Egocentrism
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the lack of ability to see it from someone elses view
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Irrevesibility
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can not mentally reverse a sequence of events
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Centration
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Tendency to focus on one aspect ove conversation
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Concrete Operational Stage
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around the age of 7
Capable of true logical thought Understand conservation Hypothetical or abstract |
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Formal Operational Stage
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Around adulthood
Think logically Deal with hypothetical situtations |
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Psychosocial Develpment
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Erikson's Theory
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Erikson's Theory
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8 stages
Each contain conflict Must be resolved for healthy development |
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8 Stages
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Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame/doubt Initative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Ego integrity vs. despair |
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Adolescence
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Transitional stage between childhood and beginning of adulthood
Ends with adult roles and responsibilities Job and pay bills |
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Puberty
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Attaining reproductive capacity
Begins in early teens- girls 11-12yrs, guys-12-13yrs Proceeds unevenly |
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Sex Characteristics
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Primary Sex Characteristics
Sex organs directly involved with reproduciton (Vagina, Penis) Secondary Sex Characteristics not directly related to reproducion, and they signal sexual maturity (breast, pubic hair, facial hair) |
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Physical Development
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Girls-Menarche
Female's first menstrual period Age 12(10-15) Boys-Testicular enlargement Age 12 and 13 |
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Sexual Development
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As physical development increases so does interest in sex.
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Social Development
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Gerally positive
If good before adolescence you will be the same way in adolescence Friciotn inevitable Peers |
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Adult and Late Development
Physical Changes |
Examples of changes- menopause
Genetics and environment- tanning will increase the number of wrinkles Menopause |
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Adult and Late Development
Social Relations |
Adults have fewer friends
Females disclose more Males do more |
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Adult and Late Development
Having Children |
Marring at a later age (30)
Waiting later to have children Being a parent at an older age eases adjustments more physically demanding Martial satisfaciont decreases with birth of child Increases when children leave home No empty nest syndrome |
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Audlt and Late Development
careers |
1/3 of people switch occupations
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Late adulthood and Aging
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Average lif expectancy is
Men = 74 Women = 79 Old age is often associated with Poor health Inactivity Social isolation Mental and Physical incompetence This is all inaccurate!!!!! |
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Nursing Home Rates
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Only 5% of people over age 65 live in nursing homes
Fewer then 20% after age 85 live in a nursing home |
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Declines
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Small number
Fluid Abilities-ability at speed, and learning Crystalized Abilities- ability at skills and knowledge Can minimize declines- athletics |