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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empirical Method
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Set of rules and techniques for observation
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Hypothesis
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Falsifiable prediction made by a theory
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Theory
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Hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon
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Scientific Method
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Set of principles about the appropriate relationship between ideas and evidence
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Empiricism
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Belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
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Double-Blind
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Observation whose true purpose is hidden from both the observer and the person being observed
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Naturalistic Observation
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Technique for gathering scientific information by observing people in their natural environments
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Demand Characteristics
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Aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should
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Power
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Ability of measure to detect the concrete conditions specified in the operational definition
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Reliability
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Tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing
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Validity
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Extent to which a measurement and a property are conceptually related
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Electromyograph (EMG)
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Device that measures muscle contractions under the skin
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Measure
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Device that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers
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Operational Definition
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Description of a property in concrete, measurable terms
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Random Sampling
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Choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
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Case Method
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Gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
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Sample
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Partial collection of people drawn from a population
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Population
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Complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured
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External Validity
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Property of experiment which the variables have been operationally defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way
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Internal Validity
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characteristics of an experiment that establishes the causal relationship between variables
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Random Assignment
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Procedure that uses a random event to assign people to the experimental or control group
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Self-Selection
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Problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether they will be included in the experimental/ control goup
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Dependent Variable
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Variable that is measured in a study
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Control Group
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Group who not treated in the particular way that the experimental groups is treated in an experiment
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Experimental Group
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Group of people who are treated in a particular way
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Independent Variable
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Variable that is manipulated
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Manipulation
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Creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its causal powers
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Experiment
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Technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
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Third Variable Problem
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Causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the possibility of third-variable correlation
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Third Variable Correlation
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Two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable
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Natural Correlation
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Correlation observed in the world around us
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Correlation
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Two variables are correlated when variations in the value of one variable are synchronize with variations in the value of the other
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Variable
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Property whose value can vary across individuals or over time
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Debriefing
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Verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study
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Informed Consent
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Written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail
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