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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Definition of psychology =
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The science of human and animal behavior and mental processes.
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Who prompted paradigm shift to look more introspectively?
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Sigmund Freud.
(You can't see mental processes but can see behavior) |
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Who are significant "pre-psychologists?"
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Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
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About how relative is the science of psychology?
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Relatively 150 years old, so compared to most sciences this is considered to be remarkably a new realm of study.
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Who initiated the nature v. nuture debate?
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Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
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What is one of the most renowned ways to study the influence of nature v. nurture?
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Studying twins raised in different environments and compare.
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What was the montra of early psychology?
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"Study only the observable."
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Was Charles Darwin pro-nature or pro-nurture?
His book = |
Pro-nurture and that environment dictated that beaks would shift in varying surroundings.
Book = Origin of Species |
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Who performed the first psychological experiment?
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Willhem Wundt in Germany of 1879.
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Who wrote the first psychology textbook?
What was the effect? |
William James ("Wundt of America").
The monstrosity of a book he created essentially legitimized psychology as a science. |
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Who said...
"The first psychology lecture I ever attended was the first one I ever gave." |
William James.
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What are the seven paradigms (perspectives) of psychology?
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1) Neurobiological
2) Behavioral 3) Psychodynamic (psychoanalytical) 4) Humanistic 5) Cognitive 6) Sociocultural 7) Evolutionary |
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Who is a leading example in the paradigm of neurobiological?
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Oliver Sacks
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Eclecticism =
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Variety
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Neurobiological Paradigm of Psychology:
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- Concerned entirely with biological issues (extreme nature)
- Studies heart rate, blood pressure, brain waves, etc. - Ex: Oliver Sacks |
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Behavioral Paradigm of Psychology:
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- Completely nurture (everything is learned)
- Stems from Pavlovian studies that measure how much dogs drool when given food. And how they get excited when people go into the pantry to get food. Pantries don't make people get excited, but they learn that they get food once someone goes in there. - Removes a lot of free will and says you're merely shaped |
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What infamous experiment is John B. Watson known for?
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"Little Albert" experiment. He took a 10 month old kid and everytime he reached for the white rabbit (something a child was naturally inclined to touch) he would crash cymbals. And would repeat until he stopped reaching for the rabbit.
Proving you could take something you like and condition yourself or someone else to dislike it. |
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Who was the first person to use celebrity endorsements?
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John B. Watson
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What did John B. Watson say about "conditioning children"
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He said if you give me 20 kids he said he could condition him into any outcome he wanted. Thief, doctor, etc.
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Why was John B. Watson kicked out of psychology?
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He was arrogant, brash, and not necessarily ethical. Thought he and only he had the correct way to raise children.
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Who invented the "Aircrib"
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B.F. Skinner.
It was posted in a woman's magazine and was highly controversial making people think it was only a scientist controlling a child in a box rather than aiding in the process of child rearing. |
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When you think of psychodynamic/psychoanalytical think of
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Freud.
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Psychodynamic Paradigm of Psychology:
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- Most of what happens you don't consciously decide to do
- ID, ego, superego - "Sit on dock" theory |
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Who pioneered hypnotism?
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Sigmund Freud
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What is the "sit on dock" theory?
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When you sit on a dock and look into the water you can see fish below you and other organisms, but as you try to look deeper the water gets more murky and to the point where you can no longer see anything. However, deeper down and even at the very bottom of the lake just because you cannot see the fish or organisms down there does not indicate that they're non-existent.
There is definitely life down there; meaning a lot of what we don't see still controls us just as much as what we do see. There's a lot at the bottom (and of our minds) we may never know that are deeply encoded within our brains but they still possess the capability to control. |
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What is the ID?
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The "devil" on your shoulder.
Basic instinct should be followed, carnal drive, if it feels good you should do it. Meaning don't concern yourself with consequences to miss out on something you want now. |
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What is the Superego?
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The "angel" on your shoulder.
You should do what satisfies the greater good even if it is of detriment to yourself. - Which essentially proves that it's necessary to be selfish at times or else you're only causing detriment to yourself. |
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Ego =
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Self.
Balance what you need against balance and repercussion. Balance what you want to do to make you happy with the consequences it will bring. |
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A sociopath would be ego-driven, ID-driven, or superego-driven?
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ID-driven.
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Humanistic Paradigm of Psychology
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Believes we're all good and that left to your own devices you will always do the right thing.
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Who was a large part of the Humanistic paradigm?
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Carl Rogers
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Who was Carl Rogers?
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A Methodist minister who deviated from mainstream Christianity because he didn't believe in original sin.
So since he believed in the humanistic approach you can't be all good and be born sinful. |
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Under what circumstances of the Humanistic paradigm do people turn corrupted?
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It is only when we disagree from ourselves and try to conform that we become corrupted.
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Cognitive Paradigm of Psychology:
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- Absolutely everything is free will and you're in total control.
- You are the way you are because of yourself - Entirely predicated upon the fact that your conscious decisions shape you. - Self talk, self-fulfilling prophesies, learned helplessness, etc. |
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Sociocultural Paradigm of Psychology:
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Extreme nurture.
- everything stems from environment |
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Evolutionary Paradigm of Psychology:
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- Darwinian theory of genetics and their impact on behavior.
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Who theorized there is a general intelligence or "g"?
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Charles Spearman
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What are the eight intelligences?
Who created them? |
Howard Gardnet.
1) Linguistic Intelligence 2) Logical Intelligence 3) Musical Intelligence 4) Kinesthetic/Bodily Intelligence 5) Spatial Intelligence 6) Interpersonal Intelligence 7) Intrapersonal Intelligence |
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Who created the theory of three intelligences?
What are they? |
Robert Sternberg.
1) Analytical 2) Creative 3) Practical |
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What is EQ?
What does it determine? |
Emotional Intelligence.
IQ tests don't predict success, these however seem to. They exemplify the principle of "delayed gratification." Ex: the cookie experiment. A person leaves a cookie on the plate in front of a kid and says if the cookie is still there when I get back I will give you two cookies. Those who wait typically become more successful. |
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Highly educated people typically die with more/less synapses
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More.
Not specified if they're born with more synapses or gained through education. |
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Is there correlation between head size and intelligence?
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Recent neurological evidence does suggest a correlation between brain size (NOT head size) and intelligence.
Especially in adult nonverbal abilities. |
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How is it that environmental factors can retard intelligence more than enrich?
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Baby Einstein videos are not necessarily the cause of increased intelligence in children but in the fact that they have parents that care that much about their development.
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IQ =
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mental age/chronological age X 100 = IQ
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What is the most commonly used IQ test today?
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WAIS
(Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) or WISC for children. |
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MR =
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Mental Retardation.
IQ below 70 and can't meet standards of independent living. (Arbitrary numbers, obviously there isn't going to be much of a difference between someone whose IQ is 68 compared to a 71) |
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Down Syndrome:
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MR with a physical cause (extra chromosome).
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High and gifted population =
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IQ score over 135
- 3 to 5 percent of the population. |
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Correlation does not equal causation means what?
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Just because they're related doesn't indicate it made it happen.
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