Intro To Primates

Front 1

What is Primate?
(taxonomy)

Back 1

Kingdom: Animalia
Pylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates

Front 2

Name 3 Primate Tendencies

Back 2

1)Arboreal adaptation - living in trees
2)Dietary plasticity - diet variety
3)partental investment - spend time w/ offspring; fewer births

Front 3

Characteristics of Generalized Skeleton: 8 charact.

Back 3

1)collarbone: ulnar/radial rotation
2)opposable thumb: power grip/ precision grip
3)oppsable toe: (big toe) humans have lost- terrestrial bipedalism
4)5 diff. types of vertebre: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx - great range of movement
5)preadaptation to bipedality
6)enhanced touch- dermal ridges (fingerprints)/ nails instead of claws
7)enhanced vision: eyes @ front of head/ overlapping visual fields/ color vision
8)reduced smell & hearing: reduced snout lenght/ lost naked rhinarium (wet nose)

Front 4

Dietary Versality: List 4 functionally distinct tooth types:

Back 4

1)incisors
2)canines
3)premolars
4)molars

Front 5

What is a dental formula?

Back 5

# of teeth in 1/4 of jaw

*early mammal 3/1/4/3
*old world monkeys 2/1/2/3
*new world monkeys 2/1/3/3

Front 6

Dental specializations for insectivores, folivores, frugivores & seed eaters.

Back 6

*insectivores: high pointed cusps
*folivores: crests for shearing leaves
*frugivores & seed eaters: low, round cusps/ molars

Front 7

What is Bilophodont molars?

Back 7

(old world monkeys):
refers to lower molars that have 2 ridges

Front 8

what is Y-5 molar pattern?

Back 8

(apes & humans)
pattern of lowver cusps- forms Y

Front 9

2 Characteristics of Primate dentition.

Back 9

1)canine-premolar honing complex: upper canines are sharpened against lower premolars
2)diastema: gap in tooth row to accomodate larger tooth

Front 10

What is a tooth comb?

Back 10

anterior teeth that are tilted forward, creating a scraper

Front 11

Characteristics of parental investment : (4)

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1)give birth to fewer offspring
2)investment in offspring is high
3)development period is longer
4)larger brain size relative to body mass
*humans have largest brain size r/t body size

Front 12

Primate taxonomy: Order =

Back 12

Primates

Front 13

Primate taxonomy Suborders =

Back 13

prosimii & Anthropoidea

Front 14

list the prosimii (4)

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1)lemurs
2)lorises
3)galagos
4)Tarsiers
*most primitive

Front 15

list the anthropoidea (3)

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1)monkeys
2)apes
3)humans

Front 16

prosimians:(book description) 3

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*most primitive/little evolutionary change
*retained # of primitive charact.
*rely heavily on sense of smell

Front 17

charact. of prosimians: (5)

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1)large eyes & very large orbits: reflects strongly nocturnal adaptation
2)rhinarium: enlarged nasal passages
3)combo of nails & claws: fingers less dextrous
4)3 premolars: 2/1/3/3 dental formula
5)dental comb: incisors & canines straight forward

Front 18

Lemurs are found in?

Back 18

Madagascar

Front 19

Distribution of Lorises & Galagos

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Lorisis: Africa & So. East Asia
Galagos: Africa

Front 20

Locomotion in prosimians?

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vertical clinging & leaping

Front 21

Tarsiers are found?

Back 21

So. East Asia

Front 22

Tarsiers are more like Anthropoids b/c of (5) charact.

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1)some dental features
2)no rhinarium
3)absence of tapetum lucidum (layer behind retina)
4)presence of fovea
5)blood supply around the middle ear
*may have re-evolved to nocturnal

Front 23

If Tarsiers move to Anthropoid column, groups would be renamed what?

Back 23

Strepsirrhines (wet nose) vs
haplorrhines (dry nose)

Front 24

Tarsiers more like prosimians b/c (4) charact.

Back 24

1)3 premolars
2)nocturnal: eye sockets enormous
3)small brain
4)leaping: presence of 2 highly elongated tarsal bones in feet- extra leverage for leaping

Front 25

Prosimians vs Anthropoids:
Anthropoids have (6) charact.

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1)larger brains & bodies
2)sexual dimophism (sexes 2 diff. sizes)
3)fewer teeth (premolars in particular)
4)postorbital closure/wall (eyes enclosed by cont. ring of bone)
5)color vision (less reliance of smell)
6)increased parental care

Front 26

Anthropoids consist of 3 groups:

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1)new world monkeys (platyrrhines- broad nose)
2)old world monkeys (catarrhines- hook nose)
3)Apes & humans (catarrhines)

Front 27

New World Monkeys are?

Back 27

Platyrrhines - nostrils are round & seperated by wide nasal septum

Front 28

Charact. of New World Monkeys: (5)

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1)arboreal- spend nearly all their time in trees
2)suspensory locomotion
3)prehensile tail (sometimes)
4)diverse diet- ranging from insects to fruits & leaves
5)3 premolars- 2/1/3/3 dental formula
5)

Front 29

New World Monkeys consist of what 2 subfamilies?

Back 29

1)Atelidae
2)Cebidae

Front 30

List 5 Atelidae monkeys (NWM)

Back 30

1)howler monkey
2)spider monkey
3)whooly monkey
4)uakari
5)owl monkey

Front 31

List 6 Cebidae monkeys (NWM)

Back 31

1)pygmy marmoset
2)black ear-tufted marmoset
3)capuchin
4)golden lion tamarin
5)Emperor tamarin
6)squirrel monkey

Front 32

Old World Monkeys are?

Back 32

Catarrhines- nostrils close together & point downward/ hook nose

Front 33

Old World Monkeys consist of what 2 genus?

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1)cercopithecines
2)colobines

Front 34

Charact. of cercopithecines (OWM): 4

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1)mainly found in savannahs of E. Africa
2)diet rich in fruit
3)rounded lower cusps
4)often cheek-pouch monkeys

Front 35

list 5 cercopithecines (OWM)

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1)macaque
2)Guenon
3)Mangabey
4)Baboon
5)Mandrill

Front 36

Charact. of Colobines (4)

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1)leaf eaters
2)sharp molar cusps
3)lg 3-4 chamber stomach- resembles a cows stomach
4)stomach has microorganisms to break down cellulose

Front 37

List 3 Colonbine monkeys (OWM)

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1)black & white colobus
2)Langur
3)proboscis monkey

Front 38

List basic charact. of OWMs (6)

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1)arboreal & terrestrial (some species)
2)ischial callosities (sitting pads)
3)cheek pouches
4)canines highly dimorphic sexually
5)have bilophodont upper & lower molars
6)long body trunk that terminates w/ non-prehensile tail

Front 39

Hominiods: Apes vs Monkeys
Apes are....(8) charact.

Back 39

1)larger
2)No tail
3)shortened trunk
4)diff. in shouldler joint- brachiation
5)forelimbs (arms) longer than hindlimbs (legs)
6)No ischial callosities
7)more complex behavior & cognitive abilities
8)increased pd of development

Front 40

Charact. of Gibbon/Siamang
(10)

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1)so.east asian tropical rain forest
2)smallest of apes
3)arboreal
4)fruit
5)diurnal
6)monogamous
7)paternal care of young
8)territorial
9)little sexual dimorphism
10)brachiation- long arms/ curved fingers

Front 41

Great Ape Distribution:
Gorilla found in....?

Back 41

Africa (restricted to sm. equatorial areas)

Front 42

Orangutans found in...?

Back 42

Asia

Front 43

Chimpanzee found in....?

Back 43

Africa
*bonobo (pygmy chimpanzee- found in Africa)

Front 44

Charact. of Gorilla: (4)

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1)knuckle-walking
2)sexual dimorphism
3)saggital crest- termainal attatchment site for temporalis
muscle- mastication
4)eats leaves & plant stems

Front 45

Charact. of Chimpanzee (7)

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1)knuckle- walking
2)aggressive behavior
3)build nests
4)tool use
5)termite fishing
6)social behavior- most close bonds b/t males- grooming
7)omnivorous- eat fruit, leaves, bark, insects, & meat depending on season, local habitat, & social tradition

Front 46

Charact. of bonobo chimp (4)

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1)darker
2)more slender
3)hair parted in center
4)tends to be less aggressive - increase sexual (female/female)