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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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when using drugs to treat someone is the risk of harm ALWAYS present?
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YES!!!
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pharmacology is..
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the study of how drugs interact with living systems
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what is the more important about a drug.. its effectivness or safety?
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effetiveness
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what are two factors that effect bioavailability
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product preparation
route of administration |
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in what ways can administration of drugs effect its action?
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med errors
patient adherance |
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in what ways can pharmacokinetics effect drug effectivness
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absorbtion
distribution metabolism excretion physiologic variables pathologic variables genetic variables drug interactions |
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in what ways can pharmacodynamics effect drug effectiveness
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drug-receptor interaction
patients functional state placebo effects |
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what is absorption?
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movement of drug into the blood
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distribution is the movement of a drug to it's s______ of a______
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site of action
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how long does it take for a drug to reach the market?
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6-12 yrs
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when using drugs to treat someone is the risk of harm ALWAYS present?
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YES!!!
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pharmacology is..
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the study of how drugs interact with living systems
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what is the more important about a drug.. its effectivness or safety?
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effetiveness
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what are two factors that effect bioavailability
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product preparation
route of administration |
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in what ways can administration of drugs effect its action?
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med errors
patient adherance |
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in what ways can pharmacokinetics effect drug effectivness
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absorbtion
distribution metabolism excretion physiologic variables pathologic variables genetic variables drug interactions |
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in what ways can pharmacodynamics effect drug effectiveness
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drug-receptor interaction
patients functional state placebo effects |
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what is absorption?
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movement of drug into the blood
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distribution is the movement of a drug to it's s______ of a______
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site of action
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how long does it take for a drug to reach the market?
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6-12 yrs
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alkalinic drugs want to be in ______ media
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acidic
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explain pharmacodynamic tolerance
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occurs with long term administration
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explain metabolic tolerance
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it is an acceleration of drug metabolism over time
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what is tachyphylaxis?
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repeat dosing over a short period of time
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three ways that drugs are absorbed cellularly
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passage through channels and pores.
use of transport systems (p-glycoproteins) direct penetration of membrane |
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what drugs can gain access a cell through channels and pores
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very small particles. like ions like Na K
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what is the most common way drugs are absorbed through cell membranes
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direct penetration
drugs must be lipid soluble |
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name five factors affecting absorbtion of drugs at the cellular level
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rate of dissolution
surface area blood flow lipid solubility pH partitioning |
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as a drug moves into solution, it will become ______ or non______
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ionized
non ionized |
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non ionized forms are generally ______ ______
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lipid soluble
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5 factors affecting absorbtion
(generally in body) RD SA LS PP |
rate of dissolution
surface area blood flow lipid solubility ph partitioning |
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the stomach is an ______ environment as opposed to the small intestine is a ______ environment
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acid
basic think of drug and drug absorbtion |
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4 benefits of PO administration
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predictable variability
safety ease of administration convenience |
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what is the usual rate of absorbtion with an IM
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10-30
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the rate of absorbtion in subq tissues are similar/different thatn IM
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similar
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distribution of a drug is defined as the movement through the ______ and into the ______
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blood stream
cells |
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3 things distribution is effected by
C A |
cardiac output and blood flow to tissues
ability of a drug to enter vascular system and cells |
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what gives a drug the ability to move through the BBB
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lipid solubility
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this protein is what a large portion of drugs bind to in the serum
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albumin
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if a drug is bound to a protein it is...
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inactive
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if a drug is free in the blood stream it is...
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active
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biotransformation is aka
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metabolism
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metabolism uses ______s to alter the structure of drugs
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enzymes
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metabolism usually take place in the ______ and involves the ______ system aka ______
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live
hepatic microsomal P450 |
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what are desired therapeutic outcomes of the functional liver. 6 of them
accelerated... drug... increased... activation of.. increased/decreased... |
renal excretion
inactivation therapuetic action of drug prodrug toxicity |
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d______ c______ r______ and d______ v______ effect metabolism
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drug cleareance rates
distribution volume |
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most drugs are cleared from system in ______ or ______ half lives
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4 or 5
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it takes about ______ days to reach steady state of a drug
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5
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a drug is highly metabolized in the first pass.. what does this mean?
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the drug is taken from the GI to the liver via the hepatic artery, changed and trasported to the gallbladder via the commmon bile duct and then excreted into the GI tract again. the drug becomes very inactive in this process and therefore not very effective against whatever it is the drug is put into the body to treat. an example of this is nitroglycerin that has to be taken sublingually instead of orally
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what is a way to avoid the first pass effect with drugs?
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skip the absoption in the GI and go straight to the blood stream via IV or sublingually, transdermally,
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what is the normal range of serum albumin
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3.5-5g/dl
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what are ways that our body eliminates drugs?
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kidney (primary)
bile (poopin') sweat saliva breast milk exhalation |
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what labs will asses kidney function? 4
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BUN
creatinine BUN/creatinine ration creatinine clearence |
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intensity of the drug is related to its ______ at the ______ ______
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concentration
drug site |
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asa has a ______ thereaputic range
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wide
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digioxin has a ______ therapeutic range
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narrow
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pharmacodynamics is the study of..
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what drugs do to the body
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pharmacodynamic actions affect the ______ of a ______ ______
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rate
physiologic function |
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drugs ______ or ______ receptor action
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block
mimic |
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the simple occapancy theory of drug receptor interaction states that intensity is proportional to n______ of receptors o______
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number
occupied |
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the simple occapacny theory of drug receptor interaction states that m______ response when a______ receptors are occupied
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maximal
occupied |
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agonist drugs ______ receptor action
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mimic
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there are two types of drug agonist: ______ and ______
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full and partial
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antagonist drugs ______ the action of receptors
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block
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potency determines h______ m______ of the drug is n______ to get the job done
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how much
needed |
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ED 50 is the dose required to produced r______ in ______ of population
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response
50 |
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LD 50 is the dose that is ______ to ______ of the animals treated
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lethal
50 |
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true or false: all effective drugs have the potential for toxicity
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true
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mild drug reactions include...
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nausea
drowsiness rash itching |
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severe drug reactions include..
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respiratory depression
anaphylaxis hemorrhage coma death |
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side effects are n______ unavoidable and occur as a result of n______ effects of drug at t______ doses
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nearly
normal therepeutic |
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toxicity is any s______ A______ resulting form an e______ of dosing
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severe ADR
excess |
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Schedule 1 drugs:
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highest abuse, heroin, LSD, MDMA, no medicinal value
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Schedule II drugs:
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Morphine, methamphetamine, high abuse potential, written script
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Schedule III drugs:
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Codeine, may lead to physical dependence
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Schedule IV:
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valium, phenobarbital
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Schedule V drugs:
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terpin hydrate w/ codeine, may or may not require a script
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Renal function tests: BUN levels
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Normal value: 5-25 mg/dl
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Renal function tests: Creatinine levels
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Normal value: .5-1.1mg/dl (females)
.6-1.2 (males) |
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BUN/creatinine ratio
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10:1-15:1
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creatinine clearance
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normal value: 85-135ml/min
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levothyroxin has a _______ half life
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longgggg (7)
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2 types of drug tolerance:
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1. Pharmacodynamic: related to long term use
2. Metabolic: tolerance that results from accelerated drug metabolism in liver |
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tachyphylaxis
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happens over a short period of time, not common, repeat dosing over a short time, body stops responding b/c drug is there all the time, need to remove drug and then replace it to make it effective again
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