Intro To Metabolism/macronutrients

Front 1

Metabolism

Back 1

a) The interconversion of chemical compounds in the body, the chemical pathways used, and the mechanisms which control the flow through the pathways

Front 2

Catabolic metabolism

Back 2

a) Breaks down molecules into smaller molecules

Front 3

Anabolic metabolism

Back 3

a) Uses small molecules to synthesize macromolecules

Front 4

Acetyl-CoA

Back 4

a) Acetyl CoA
b) Production of:
i) Energy
ii) CO2
iii) H2O
a) TCA cycle
b) Lipogenesis
c) Cholesterol synthesis
d) Ketone bodies

Front 5

Glycolysis

Back 5

i) Glucose to pyruvate
(1) Lactate
(2) Acetyl CoA
(3) Alanine
ii) Some important side products
(1) Glycerol-3-phosphate
(2) 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

Front 6

Gluconeogenesis

Back 6

i) Pyruvate to glucose

Front 7

Glycogenesis

Back 7

i) Synthesis of glycogen from glucose

Front 8

Glycogenolysis

Back 8

i) Breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Front 9

Pentose phosphate pathway

Back 9

i) NADPH
ii) Pentoses

Front 10

Lipogenesis

Back 10

i) Synthesis and storage of fat
ii) Triacylglycerol
iii) Triglyceride

Front 11

Lipolysis

Back 11

a) Breakdown of TAG to fatty acids
b) Oxidation of fatty acids to:
i) Energy
ii) CO2
iii) H2O

Front 12

Amino acid metabolism

Back 12

a) Can produce acetyl-CoA, but cannot be produced from acetyl-CoA
b) N from amino groups mostly eliminated as urea
c) Most, if not all, nitrogen containing molecules made by a human require an amino acid
d) More than one pathway may be involved in special products
i) Phospholipids
(1) Lipids, carbohydrates and AA
ii) Nucleotides
(1) Carbohydrates
(2) AA

Front 13

All pathways not found in all tissues

Back 13

i) Gluconeogenesis
(1) Liver and kidney only
ii) RBCs
(1) Anaerobic glycolysis only

Front 14

Specialized tissues

Back 14

i) Steroid hormones found only in some endocrine organs

Front 15

Storage forms found only in some tissues

Back 15

i) Glycogen in liver and muscle only
ii) Triacylglycerols stored primarily in adipose tissue

Front 16

Subcellular location

Back 16

a) Pathways may be restricted to subcellular location
i) FA synthesis in cytosol
ii) FA oxidation in mitochondria

Front 17

Metabolic control mechanisms

Back 17

a) Control of enzyme activity
b) Usual control points
i) Rate limiting enzyme
ii) First committed step of pathway

Front 18

Multiple layers of enzyme control

Back 18

i) PFK allosterically inhibited by a product of the pathway
ii) PFK allosterically inhibited by an intracellular second messenger
iii) Synthesis of PFK affected by hormones