Intro To Lit

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Simile

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Makes comparison between two things. Uses words "like as, than, appears, seems"

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Metaphor

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Makes comparison between two unlike things without words "like" or "as"

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Synecdoche

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A figure of speech in which part of something is used to signify the whole

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Metonymy

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In which something closely associated with a subject is substituted for it

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Personification

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Giving non human things human characteristics

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Apostrophe

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An address either to someone who is absent to something that is non human

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Hyperbole

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Adds emphasis without intending to be literally true

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Theme

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Centeral idea or meaning of a story

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Rhythm

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Refers to the recurrence of stressed and unstressed sounds.

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Stress or accent

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A stress places more emphasis on one syllable than on another

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Meter

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A pattern of stresses recurring in a poem

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Prosody

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All of the metrical elements make this up

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Scansion

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Consists of measuring the stresses in a line to develop it's metrical pattern

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The foot

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Is a metrical unit by which a line of poetry is measured

1 stressed and 2 unstressed syllables

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A line

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Measured by the number it get contained

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Masculine ending

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Ends with stressed syllable

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Feminine ending

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Has extra unstressed syllable

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End stopped line

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When a line has a pause at it's end.

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End stopped line

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When a line has a pause at it's end

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Run on line also Enjambment

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A line that ends without a pause and continues into the next line for it's meaning

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Narrator

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Teller of the story

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Third person POV

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He she they

Does not participate in in story

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First person POV

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Uses I

Major or minor participant in story

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Second person POV

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Uses you

Rarely used due to being awkward

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Omniscient Narrator

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All knowing

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Editorial Omniscience Narrator

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Evaluates the character for the reader

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Neutral Omniscience

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Allows characters actions and thoughts to speak for themselves

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Objective POV

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A third person POV who does not see into the mind of any characters

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First person narrator

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The I presents the POV of only one characters consciousness

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Form

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Structure or shape

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Fixed form

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A poem that is categorized by the form of lines, meter, rhymes and stanzas.

Example - sonnets

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Free verse or open form

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Poems that do not conform to patterns of matter, rhyme, and stanza

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Stanza

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A grouping of lines set of by a space, usually has a set pattern of meter and rhyme

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Rhyme Scheme

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Pattern of end rhymes

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Sonnet

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A little song. 14 lines.

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Italian sonnet/ Petrarchan

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2 parts

First part is 8 lines, second part is 6 lines

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English sonnet / Shakespearen

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3 quatrains and a couplet

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Villanelle

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Consists of 19 lines divided into 6 stanzas, 5 tercets and concluding quatrain

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Sestina

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Usually doesn't rhyme

Has 39 lines divided into 6, 6 lined stanzas and a 3 line concluding stanza called a envoy

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Epigram

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A brief pointed and witty poem. Although most rhyme and they are often written in couplets. Epigrams take no prescribed form

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Elegy

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A lyric poem written to commemorate someone who is dead

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Symbol

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Something that represents something else. More than it's literal meaning

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Conventional symbol

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Something that is recognized widely to represent certain ideas

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Literary symbol

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Goes beyond traditional public meaning

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Allegory

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Restricted to a single meaning

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Situational Irony

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When what happens is completely different from the expected

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Verbal Irony

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Saying something the opposite of what is meant

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Dramatic irony

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When writer allows reader to know more than the character knows

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Alliteration

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Repetition of the same consonant sounds at beginning. Luscious lemons

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Assonance

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Repetition of same vowel sounds in nearby words.

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Euphony

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Lines that are musically pleasant to ear and smooth

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Cacophony

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Lines that are discordant and hard to pronounce

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Eye rhyme

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Spelling is similar but pronunciations are not

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End rhyme

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Most common and comes at end of lines.

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Internal rhyme

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At least one rhymed words within the line

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Masculine rhyme

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Rhyming of single syllable words such as glade and shade

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Feminine rhyme

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Consists of a rhymed stressed syllable followed by one or more rhymed unstressed syllable

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Exact rhymes

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Share the same stressed vowel sounds

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Near rhyme (off rhyme, slant, approx)

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Sounds are almost but not exactly alike.

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Consonance

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An identical consonant sound preceded by a different vowel sound

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Setting

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Place where story takes place

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Setting - location

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Geography and physical space

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Setting - time

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History, period, season, duration

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Setting - social environment

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Morals, culture, economy, and jobs

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An image

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Is a language that addresses the senses.

Visual, tactile, gustatory, auditory, and ol factory

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Characterization

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What they do/don't do

What they say/don't say

Physical description

How they interact with other characters

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Dynamic character

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Undergoes some sort of change during the story

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Static Character

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Does not change

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Foil character

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Helps to reveal by contrast the qualities of another character

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Flat character

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Very boring character with no meat. One or two qualities

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Stock character

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A character often included in stories. They are types rather than characters.

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Round characters

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Very complex and have a lot of depth. Fully developed and rounded.

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Diction

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Their choice of words

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Poetic diction

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Elevated language rather than ordinary

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Formal diction

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Dignified impersonal and elevated use of language

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Middle diction

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Less formal level.

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Informal diction

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Conversational matter

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Colloquially

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Informal diction that reflects casual conversational language with slang

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Dialect

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Dialects are spoken by definable groups of people from a particular geographic region, economic group, or social class

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Denotation

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The literal dictionary meaning of a word

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Connotation

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Associations and implications that go beyond a words literal meaning

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Dramatic monologue

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Type of poem in which a character, the speaker addresses a silent audience in such a way as to reveal unintentionally some aspect of his or her temperament or personality

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Tone

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The writers additude towards the subject created by the elements in the poem

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Allusion

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Is a brief cultural reference to a person, place, thing, event, or idea in history or literature

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Ambiguity

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Allows for two or more interpretations of a word

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Plot

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-Ordering- arrangement of incidents in a story

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In media Res

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Stories starting in the middle of things

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Flashback

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Events that happened before the opening scene of a work

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Exposition

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Takes place at the beginning. Provides necessary information about characters and their circumstances.

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Foreshadowing

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A suggestion of what's to come

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Protagonist and hero

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The central character who engages our interest and empathy