Intro To Human Geography - Exam #1 (Chapters 1-3)

Front 1

geography

Back 1

study of the earth

Front 2

spatial pattern

Back 2

distribution of things

Front 3

processes of natural environment

Back 3

processes that helped put things where they are

Front 4

human geography

Back 4

study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and alternation of earth's surfaces

Front 5

physical geography

Back 5

study of the characteristics of the physical environment

Front 6

culture

Back 6

shared patterns of learned behavior

Front 7

3 components of culture

Back 7

social institutions, beliefs & values, material culture/artifacts

Front 8

social institution

Back 8

way a culture maintains order

Front 9

material culture/artifacts

Back 9

tangible things, survival activities, leisure activities

Front 10

5 themes of geography

Back 10

region, mobility, globalization, nature-landscape/human-environment interaction, cultural landscape

Front 11

region

Back 11

grouping of like places or the functional union of places to form a spatial unit

Front 12

culture region

Back 12

area occupied with people who have something in common culturally

Front 13

3 types of region

Back 13

formal, functional, vernacular

Front 14

formal region

Back 14

inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common

Front 15

functional region

Back 15

area that functions as a unit politically, socially, or economically

Front 16

vernacular region

Back 16

area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity

Front 17

mobility

Back 17

how ideas, practices, and behaviors spread to where they are today

Front 18

3 ways of mobility

Back 18

diffusion, circulation, migration

Front 19

cultural diffusion

Back 19

geographical origin, or hearth, and spread of ideas and innovations

Front 20

relocation diffusion

Back 20

spread of cultural elements by the physical movement of people

Front 21

expansion diffusion

Back 21

spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process

Front 22

3 types of expansion diffusion

Back 22

contagious, hierarchical, stimulus

Front 23

contagious expansion diffusion

Back 23

happens very rapidly

Front 24

hierarchical expansion diffusion

Back 24

spreads from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places (usually spreads to people or places of lesser power)

Front 25

stimulus expansion diffusion

Back 25

when the specific trait is rejected but the underlying idea is accepted

Front 26

distance decay

Back 26

decrease in occurrence of a feature with increasing distance from its origin

Front 27

absorbing barriers

Back 27

anything that halts the diffusion of cultural elements

Front 28

globalization

Back 28

binding together of all the world into an integrated system driven by capitalistic, free markets

Front 29

nature-culture / human-environment interaction

Back 29

study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture or human activity

Front 30

4 schools of thoughts of nature-culture

Back 30

environmental determinism, environmental perception, possibilism, humans as modifiers of earth

Front 31

environmental determinism

Back 31

humans molded by nature

Front 32

possibilism

Back 32

physical environment offers opportunities and limitations

Front 33

environmental perception

Back 33

choices by people made on their perception of environment, rather than actual characteristics of land

Front 34

2 ways of viewing the environment (environment perception)

Back 34

organic view, mechanistic view

Front 35

organic view

Back 35

think nature is the physical land and humans on that land

Front 36

mechanistic view

Back 36

think nature is just the physical environment, humans are separate from it

Front 37

humans as modifiers of earth

Back 37

exact opposite of environmental determinism, humans modify nature

Front 38

cultural landscape

Back 38

the human imprint on the earth that reflects their culture

Front 39

sense of place

Back 39

not looking at surroundings, but how it makes you feel

Front 40

3 types of culture

Back 40

popular, folk, indigenous

Front 41

popular culture

Back 41

dynamic, practiced by large society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

Front 42

folk culture

Back 42

practiced by small group living in relative isolation from other groups

Front 43

indigenous culture

Back 43

makes up the original inhabitants of a territory

Front 44

placelessness

Back 44

losing sense of character and emotion tied to place, every place seems the same

Front 45

convergence hypothesis

Back 45

eventually all cultures wil converge into one mega culture due to globalization

Front 46

folk culture diffusion

Back 46

slowly, by relocation diffusion
unknown sources, time and originators for most part

Front 47

popular culture diffusion

Back 47

arises from advances in technology and increased leisure time
rapidly, by hierarchical diffusion

Front 48

world population distribution:
even or uneven?

Back 48

uneven

Front 49

most populated clusters in world (densities)

Back 49

east asia, south asia, europe

Front 50

top 3 most populated countries

Back 50

china (1.3 billion)
india (1.1 billion)
us (300 million)

Front 51

why do people choose to live in these densely populated areas?

Back 51

moderate temperatures, water resources, fertile soil, flat terrain

Front 52

birth rate

Back 52

number of babies born per 1000 people in a given year

Front 53

total fertility rate (TFR)

Back 53

number of children the average women (14-49 years old) will have

Front 54

replacement level

Back 54

a TFR of 2.1 is needed to produce an eventually stabilized population

Front 55

3 ways to measure death

Back 55

death rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rate

Front 56

causes of death in higher income countries

Back 56

cancer, cardiovascular disease

Front 57

causes of death in lower income countries

Back 57

communicable and contagious diseases, things that have cures

Front 58

death rate

Back 58

number of deaths per 1000 people in a given year

Front 59

life expectancy at birth

Back 59

average number of yearsa that a newborn can expect to live in a certain year

Front 60

what reduces life expectancy

Back 60

no public health program, political conflict / war, communicable diseases, HIV/AIDS, few vaccinations, no health insurance

Front 61

infant mortality rate (IMR)

Back 61

deaths that occur in first year of life per 1000

Front 62

natural increase rate

Back 62

percentage by which a population grows in one year (excludes migration)

Front 63

world natural increase rate

Back 63

1.5%

Front 64

urbanization in us

Back 64

80% of americans live in urban areas

Front 65

with urbanization comes...

Back 65

decreasing TFR & IMR, women have fewer children, increased education levels, increased birth control use, delay of marriage

Front 66

demographic transition

Back 66

change in population growth that occurs when a country moves from a rural to an urban society

Front 67

dependency ratio

Back 67

number of people who are to young or too old to work, compared to number of people in their productive years

Front 68

sex ratio

Back 68

ratio between men and women in a population

Front 69

how many more men/women than men/women in the world?

Back 69

35 millions more males than females

Front 70

core-periphery pattern

Back 70

when a region can be divided into two sections, one near the center where the particular attributes that define the reigion are strong, and other portions of the region further away from the core where those attributes are weaker

Front 71

cultural ecology

Back 71

nature-culture

Front 72

natural hazards

Back 72

flooding, hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, insect infestations, droughts, etc.

Front 73

ecofeminism

Back 73

because of socialization, women have been better ecologists and environmentalists than men

Front 74

symbolic landscape

Back 74

urban skyline

Front 75

settlement forms

Back 75

spatial arrangement of buildings, roads, and other features that people construct while inhabiting an area

Front 76

nucleation

Back 76

relative density of landscape elements

Front 77

dispersed

Back 77

less nucleated place

Front 78

land-division patterns

Back 78

uses of particular parcels of land and reveal the way people have divided the land for economic, social, and political uses

Front 79

subcultures

Back 79

groups within a dominant culture that become distinctive enough

Front 80

nonmaterial culture

Back 80

beliefs, values, myths, and symbolic meanings that are transmitted across generations of a society

Front 81

consumer nationalism

Back 81

local resistance to globalization

Front 82

local consumption culture

Back 82

consumption practices and preferences-in food, clothing, music, etc.-formed in specific places and historical moments

Front 83

subsistence economies

Back 83

oriented primarily toward production toward local consumption, rather than production of commodities for sale on the market

Front 84

agroforestry

Back 84

farming systems that combine the growing of trees with the cultivation of agricultural crops

Front 85

leisure landscapes

Back 85

designed to entertain people on weekends and vacations, included as part of a larger tourist experience

Front 86

amenity landscape

Back 86

region with attractice natural features that have become desirable locations for retirement or vacation homes

Front 87

geodemography

Back 87

population geography

Front 88

carrying capactiy

Back 88

population beyond which a given environment cannot provide support without becoming significantly damaged

Front 89

zero population growth

Back 89

TFR of 2.1

Front 90

push-and-pull factors

Back 90

act to make the old home unattractive or unlivable and the new land attractive