Intro To Egypt

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Intermediate periods

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Where lands are separated and filled with chaos

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When did prehistory Egypt last?

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until dynasty 1

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Manetho(lived 300 BC)

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one of the best soures of info, taking us back before 30,000BC(archives in Heliopolis and lunu)

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Herodotus(lived 400BC)

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described what was considered heaven during the period between 17,500 BC- 14,500 BC

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What was the green Shara like?

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lush, plenty of water(aquifers) and large grasslands. Romans could much of north Africa without water worries. Traders travelled from Congo to Morocco.

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People of per-history Egypt practiced what type of pastoral ism?

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nomadic which means they traveled with their herds of cattle in order to find fresh pastures for grazing.

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Why were cattle important?

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because they were a renewble source of pure protein and only eaten during special sacfrices

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Boucranion (an ox skull)

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was a lucky symbol against death widely found in Ancient Africa (skull contains moisture from brain, horns pushed out from inside by force of inner moisture.

Front 9

What was the Bougonia?

Back 9

(ox birth ritual)was a sacrificial ceremony: first the animal was sacrificed and rubbed with herbs, then shut in enclosure for 10 days (10 was considered the number of months in a pregnancy), the enclosure was then opened and winged insects (blow flies) flew out from the body. The ritual shows the birth of life from death and the ascent of winged life toward heaven.

Front 10

What concept symbolized the ox birth ritual?

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the double ax (a symbol found on Crete- relating to the Labyrinth, at Stonehenge, throughout Europe, in caves in South Africa, in the pre-dynastic Nile Valley, among Neandertal artifacts, and even on a 500,000 year old shell made by a human ancestor).

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Civilization x

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a group of people who probably existed prior to the Egyptians and had advanced sawing technology

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The sphinx was probably built between...

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4000 BC-5000 BC (thousands of years before the great pyramid). This theory is based on Robert Schoch’s observation that the severe erosion of the Sphinx’s body could be due to persistent and heavy rainfall rather than wind erosion. Sufficient rainfall could have occurred many centuries before the semi arid climate that already prevailed in Egypt at the time of the Old Kingdom.

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What and where is the Nabta Playa? Name date

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(in Nubian desert- in eastern Sahara, it was an important watering location on trade routes)
playa” is Spanish for “sloping beach”Excavated by Fred Wendorf, SMU

Front 14

What was found in the Nabta Playa?

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Only human remains found so far have a dolichocephalic (elongated) skull-deeper African culture -Important features: stone circle and monumental cow sculpture -Radiocarbon dating of campfires place usage of the stone circle from 6400 BC-4800 BC-In deeper Africa, such circles are also found. Native American “Medicine Wheels” also mark the critical sunrises which lead in the seasons (the “Sun Lodge” at Cahokia served in the same way). -Stone circle: Like the circles in Western Europe (ca. 4000’s BC) and Stonehenge itself, stones are laid out to provide sightlines (North to South, West to East; Southwest to Northeast, Northwest to Southeast)-North: The circumpolar stars are “immortal.” They never set-South: The Meridian, where stars rise to their highest
-Northeast: where the summer solstice sun rises-East: Where vernal and autumnal equinoxes have sunrise-Southeast: Where the winter solstice sun rises

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How did the stone circle worked?

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-The stone circle has sight lines to the Sun and Orion, marking the summer solstice (the most important date of the year in Neolithic African astronomy because it marked the start of the rainy season. As the Sahara grew drier, it became more important to establish when the summer rains would begin. To secure this turning point, the stars were used as a fixed marker together with the sun’s rising.)

-The sightline that runs from the southwest to the northeast, frames the summer solstice sunrise, while the sightline that runs from north to south frames the constellation Orion prior to sunrise.

-At a distance from the stone circle, radiating to the north and south, long baselines of megaliths mark the rising of stars just ahead of the sun at the equinoxes-In 4900 BCE, the tilt of Orion to the right reached its greatest degree. Every subsequent year, on the same date, the constellation would reposition itself slightly in the opposite direction. Over time, Neolithic observers were able to mark the growing distance between the earlier and later positions of these important stars. They were observing a part of a 25,000 year cycle (the Precession of the Equinoxes), in which every 12,500 years what had been marked reversed itself. In this way, on the summer solstice 16,500 BCE, a different part of Orion’s “body” lined up with the stones in the circle. At the opposite end of Orion’s cycle, the second set of three stones in the Nabta Playa circle aligns with “head” and “shoulders” of the constellation. The “shoulder” stars, Betelgeuse and Bellatrix, are especially bright in Orion. Neolithic observers would have known that everything in the natural world operates in cycles. It is not impossible that the two turning points of Orion’s cycle were conceived from concrete data and intellectual projection. What seems remarkable is that positions millennia apart have been tied so closely together in one small space.-Outside of the stone circle, there is a central point marked with megaliths with long baselines stretching out from it to the north and to the south. These long lines point to the rising at the equinoxes of the same bright stars in Orion which were important in the stone circle for the summer solstice.-In the calendar circle, the important rising is secured by reference to other stars: The appearance of Orion in line with the internal stones confirmed the rise of the summer solstice sun which was then verified through the sighting corridor from southwest to northeast. The northern baseline of megaliths establishes the rising of Vega at the same time as Orion’s stars in the south. Vega is a circumpolar star which does not shift much from its position in the north. It therefore offers a secure parallel sighting which confirms the equinoctial appearances in the south of Orion’s individual stars

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what was in the Nabta Playa besides the stone circles?

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Monumental cow sculpture: the sculpture and its relationship to a bedrock design bears comparison with the major directions of the Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is in the west and the “cow” sculpture opens an observational window to the rising of the galactic center in 17,000 BCE, spring equinox.

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When were Sahara grasslands drying up? What does the word Sahara come form?

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5000-4000BC,Sahara” comes from Arabic word for sand, “Desert” comes from ancient Egyptian word for “the Red Land”

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What was the black Mummy? Give date

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-mummy of 2 year old “Ouan Mehudjadj” (named for cave where he was found)-discovered in the Acacus mountains (southwestern Libya)-member of a cattle herding culture, found west of the Nile at Nabta Playa and extending throughout North Africa.-Oldest black mummy ever found in Africa; however earlier climate change (10,000 BC- increased precipitation) had caused migrations that resulted in the blending of many different ethnicities in this area. His people would have been of mixed race. -He was wrapped in antelope skin, covered with leaves, and wearing an ostrich egg necklace (evidence of ritual/ceremony, also suggests that they didn’t mummify people based on accomplishment- they were compassionate and even sent children to the afterlife).

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What type of pottery was found with the black mummy

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The pottery found in the Acacus mountains is decorated with wedge marks, arranged in moving lines. This pottery appears in the south of Egypt, alongside the undecorated pottery characteristic of Nilotic peoples at this time, ca 5000 BCE. And in Nubia (modern Sudan) the dead are wrapped in antelope skins. In Niger, similarly ancient human burials with cattle have been found in caves (evidence of culture mixing)

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What was found on caves where the mummy was found?

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-Organic matter found all around mummy correlates to dry riverbeds (paleolakes) in the area.
-Rock drawings (petroglyphs) around the area show cattle, crocodiles, lions, giraffes, elephants, and hippopotami, proving the abundance of water and grass at this much earlier time; over 50% of the rock pictures show cattle in great herds; they are colored red and white
—just the appearance of cattle whose pictures are found in Egyptian tombs, 2000 BCE.
-The most remarkable discovery is of a masked priest among the animals pictured. This figure is a human with a dog mask, showing a far earlier origin for the Egyptian god Anubis
.-The western oases in Egypt also show priestesses wearing strange masks, performing rituals among cattle (the Bashendi people).

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Egyptian culture might have come from....

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a dynastic race who arrived through canyon by boat and brought social organization,writing,weaponry(pear-shaped maces, gods, and architecture

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When were first heiroglyhics?

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3500BC

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What is D-ware?

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a new buff-colored style of pottery (D-ware) with boats, goddess figure with raised arms as in the canyons.(3500)

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What does the Egyptian word "Ka" means

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raised arms/(seen on Crete, in Peru, and in Mesopotamia. Especially the “Bird goddess” (3800 BC) at Nagada who is making Ka sign and appears similar to Bat- the cow-goddess with human eyes and curved horns)

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What is Nagada pottery?give date

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black topped over red ware 3800BC

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C-ware

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cross lined ware

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What is tombu-239?

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located as abydos(3800BC)contains evidence of pre-mesopotamian innovations: has C-ware pottery with pear shaped maces, predynastic arrowhead, battlefield palette. Really creepy looking.

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What were some of the developments in Egypt?

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a shift in subsistence from hunting and gathering to farming, and the evolution of a social and political structure with a clear hierarchy of power and wealth that culminated in the Egyptian state.

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What are predynastic burials?

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-Nagada (17 square acres with 2700 burials)-Body position: Feet towards flow of the Nile (north), Head turned to left (west). Layout places person in relationship to flow of river and movement of sun, vectors of movement animating Egyptian landscape. Layout has magical properties ensuring continuance of individual’s life.

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Nekhen

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3500BC is the capital of the south (south Egypt also called “Upper Egypt”):

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What are some facts about Pre-dynastic burials?

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-1,000,000 square acres of remains. -Coprolites (fossilized feces) show that diet included start and vegetables (not meat).-first Egyptian mummy appears, face and hands wrapped in linen. Wrapping of hands and face is significant because it could be a precursor to the emphasis on “royal hands” present in the New Kingdom (mouth and hands were especially preserved for eating in the afterlife)

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First temple to what god?

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Horus and it looked a like elephant

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North of Hierakonpolis?

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there was a Brewery, signs of “beer and bread” dental erosion

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What is the namer palette?

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ound in Temple of Hor. Type of palette that ceased to be made after the Predynastic period (used by hunters and warriors for crushing pigments for adornment). It depict the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer. On one side, the king is depicted with the bulbed White Crown of Upper (southern) Egypt, and the other side depicts the king wearing the level Red Crown of Lower (northern) Egypt. Important features of the palette: human-faced bovine heads, thought to represent the patron cow goddess Bat, flank the serekhs. King is smiting enemy. Above the enemy is a falcon, representing Horus, perched above a set of papyrus flowers, the symbol of Lower Egypt. Two serpopards (creature that is part serpent and part leopard) are also depicted with intertwined nec

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What was found in the temple of Hor

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Scorpion macehead (attributed to the pharaoh Scorpion due to the glyph of a scorpion engraved close to the image of a king wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt). Relates to the word Mer (to plow; to make love). Scorpion is depicted very similarly to Nazi-Maruttash (King of Babylon, 1328 BC).

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scorpion tomb(tomb u-j)Give date

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Early hieroglyphics, influence of hieroglyphics on arabic in Hagia Sophia. Namely the hieroglyphic of a crane: Akh, meaning “bright, glorious” 3800BC

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Dynasty 0 Give date

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between 3500-3200BC

(preceded the traditionally acknowledged rulers of the 1st dynasty): Scorpion’s tomb U-j, earliest coherent system Egyptian writing (3250 BC). Predynastic pot-marks are not the roots of hieroglyphs, they are a separate system that continued to be used after the advent of hieroglyphs. Writing evolved as a means of record keeping.

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What kings were there in between 3500-3200BC?

what dynasty?

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King Scorpion
-King Iri Hor
-King Ka
dynasty 0

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The beginning of old kingdom?

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Definitive unification of Egypt Capital at Thinis (near Abydos cemetery)= beginning of Old Kingdom

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What tradition that was part of the old kingdom?

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all kings of Egypt were part of a lengthy sequence of universal rulers that went back to the start of history and even before. This sequence started with gods: After the great gods came lesser gods and assorted creatures, such as spirits, until Menes emerged as the first historic ruler (according to Manetho, who created most complete king list).

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Who was the first ruler?

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Menes or Narmer may have been the first King (they may have been the same person). Queen Neithhotep could have been Menes’s/Narmer’s queen and Aha could have been their son. Conversely, Queen Neithhotep could have been Aha’s wife. Menes and Aha could also maybe have been the same person. It’s not clear where everyone fits into the equation.

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Name the kings that happened between 3100-2900BC Give dynasty

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-King Djer

-King Djet and Queen Merytneith. (note: at this time Hor stood for daylight, not Ra)

-King Den. Note: the concept of kingship predated the unification of the state in Egypt, and that some who ruled only parts of the country had attributes, such as crowns, that were later reserved for kings of all of Egypt. Den is the first king seen wearing the white and red double crown that became standard for pharoahs. The origin of the Egyptian crown can be found in hieroglyphics depicting the Canyon peoples (one of the first groups of foreign elite who came to Egypt). -Den hieroglyphic:

Dynasty 1

Front 43

How long did human sacrifices lasted?

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Human sacrifice was a short lived practice in Egypt (abandoned after the 1st dynasty), but some kings of this time (including Djer and Aha) were buried surrounded by many subsidiary burials (evidence of sacrifice of women)

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Dynasty II started between...

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2900BC-2600BC

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Name kings that ruled during dynasy II

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King Khasekhemwy (2686 BC), tomb with grave goods (Abydos), name hieroglyphic below

-King Ra Neb (hieroglyphic below)

Priest HetepDiEf

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What type of burials happen between 2900-2600BC?

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-Royal boat burials at Abydos-Dynastic burials underground tombs

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Dynasty III occurred in...

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2600BC, held king huni

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Who was King Djoser?

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built first pyramid (step pyramid at Saqqara= stone enclosure “of the boss”, precursor to later step pyramid temples like Ziggurat of the Moon at Ur in 2100 BC).2600'sBC

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Who was imhotep?

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was djoser chancellor and can be considered the first architect and maybe the true father of modern medicine (and perfector of viseration mummification). He was raised to the status of a god (both mortal and son of god) and revered like a saint. His tomb has not been found.

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Dynasty IV give date

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2500-2400BC

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What are some of kings that occurred in dynasty

IV?

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King Snefru

King Khufu

King Khrafa

King Djedefra

King Menkaure

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Who was King Khufu?

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(name means to saw granite) His tomb rests in the pyramid of Giza.

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Describe the pyramid of Giza

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Buildings around pyramid used architectural forms from several periods of Egyptian history (adaption of temple of Hor at Hierakonpolis, but change from mud-brick to stone, formed a kind of racetrack where Djoser participated in the race of renewal that goes back to the first dynasty)-blue tile: mark of royalty, green: color of paradise

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Work Gangs

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(Phyle- greek for tribe). Tribes had names like “handsome hunks”, good guys, Khufu’s boys (graffiti of names found on/around pyramid). These gangs competed against each other for reward while building, speeding up the process.

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King Khafra?

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King Khafra (son of Khufu) -pyramid of chephren -compared to Osiris (godlike)-Statue in Green Diorite -streaming water on the statue -veins in stone -vegetation on the throne

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Dynasty V happened in

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2300's

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who ruled during Dynasty V?

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-King Unas (Wenis) 2300’s -Said to be Sahu come to eat the entrails of the gods

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The First of the Westerners

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who watched over the dead. Anubis inherited this title. He appears as “First” along with the names of the deceased kings of the 1st Dynasty, 3100 BCE. At a later time, Osiris was more widely known as “First of the Westerners”.

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Ammit

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(Called the devourer) she judges the hearts of the dead. If the heart is too heavy with sin, she will eat the sinner. She is the executioner of the underworld. She is part croc,lion, and hippo.

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Sekhmet

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Sekhmet(lion goddess) was goddess of medicine and war, her infrared color symbolized healing.

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Seshat

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feminine for “scribe”, goddess of writing/older than Iris. She is also over stars. She is pictured conducting calculations/writing records with palm shoots (in the act of setting the alignment of the pyramid with the North).

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Newt

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deity on her fingertips, she is depicted as a great comforter

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Bat

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ow goddess with human eyes, she is over fertility.

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Hathor

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Goddess of women, love and pleasure, daughter of Ra, seen as a later depiction of Bat
over childbirth
Lady of the West
Lady of the (Sycamore) Tree

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Bast

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Cat Goddess

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Horus

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is a falcon solar god, his role is to be the protector of the monarch.

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Ra

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the ultimate sun god, his symbol is a falcon, became a major God around 5th Dynasty, eventually merged with Horus to rule sky, land and underworld

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Osiris

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Earlier text, he was a frightening god that required sacred space. He threaten to destroy the sun before was stopped by seth.In the later texts (middle kingdom), he was a kind god but was torn apart by Seth, he was brought together and was called the god of healing. He could maybe seen as a Christlike figure for his healing abilities. The Heron (lived in marshes) associated with Osiris in the afterlife. He is lord of the sky, name in Egyptian is Ausir, hieroglyphic is throne with huge eye -his earlier form was that of a serpent

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Isis

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wife and sister of Osiris, pieced him back together and made him into first mummy, seen as ideal mother and wife, mother of Horus, Goddess of health marriage and wisdom, name means throne
worker of magic

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Seth

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son of Nut, and brother of Osiris. He is the god of evil and other frightening things (natural disasters). In earlier texts, he was depicted as a kind god to the dead but in later stories switched places with Osiris. He was jealous of Osiris and tore him apart until was brought together by Isis (Osiris’s wife and sister)

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Nut

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Goddess of Heaven (wings or arms outstretched)

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Ra Hor Akhty

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falcon/Horus of the horizon (2 horizons), god of the rising and setting sun

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Djehuty (Thoth):

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god of writing, astronomy, math. Often depicted as a man with the head of an ibis or a baboon, animals sacred to him, often depicted writing on ledger or papyrus In the pyramid of King Djoser, archaeologists found over a million (?) baboons and other creatures, mummified and placed there because of their association with Thoth.

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Ma’at:

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Goddess of truth and balance, helped to weigh hearts before deceased could go on to afterlife

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Precession of the equinox

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the slight movement along the ecliptic in the opposite direction

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4 must know dates: 3800 BC, 3500 BC, 3250 BC, 2686 Bc

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3800: Terracotta birds goddess, D-ware, Tomb u-239 master of animals
3500 BC: Mesopotamians in Nile, Hieroglyphics, First mummy, Tomb U-j, Narmer Palette
3250 BC: Dynasty 0: scorpion king
2686 BC: King Khasekhemwy, the beginning of Dynasty II

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Where were the first hieroglyphics found

Back 77

Gerza

Front 78

Who is nefertiabet

Back 78

Beautiful lady of the east

Front 79

Give exact date when second dynasty began

Back 79

2686 bc

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Dynasty 0 began exact date?

Back 80

3250

Front 81

Hathor gives what type of instrument to people?

Back 81

Menent

Front 82

Cave of the dead man. Explain

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Lascaux,France Megdenian period 17000

A male figure is laying down next to a bull goddess who is aroused.

The shaman is next to a broken spear which means intercourse, the bull represent sexual image

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Bat goddess is later called...

Back 83

Hathor

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Venus of Loussel.Explain(date too)

Back 84

28000

holding Bison horn with 13 notches

face of a puffin or artic clown

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Taweret

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goddess of pregnancy

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The sistrum

Back 86

the rattle matches the sound a party going off

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hemiunu

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cousin of khufu,designed his tomb

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Hapy

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The function of Hapi is described as being a Nile god associated with the fertilizing rich black mud called silt

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Why were there eyes on coffins?

Back 89

They were placed there to ward off evil with their magical spells.

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Anubis/anpu

Back 90

is on the the great gods,new kingdom

Front 91

what is the meaning of the color black

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black is the holiest of all colors, sacred color of anubis,also means fruitful

Ra*Mes*ss

the mes is black, and the rest of them are gold to mean sun

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arms cross mummies became popular in what dynasty

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the 11th dynasty and osiris as inspiration

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Hathor comes in what date

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November 15, she comes down as a lion to punish people

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scaff(spelling error) tomb

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Arabic for a row

Front 95

What solar temple in dynasty V?

What is written on the main alter

Back 95

2300-2400

King niusserre's temple,hotep ra

Personal obelisks buried within tombs meant personal sunshine

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Who was Niuserre?

Back 96

was the sixth king of the 5th Dynasty. His throne name was Izi (or Isi, Ini, Iny)had blood basins sacrifices
sed solar festival
Infront of the oblisik, there was an altar for blood sacrifices(lions) ALso, there was a line read "Hotep Ra", Ra is at peace

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Djedefra

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Older Brother of Khafra;
First of Solar Kings
•Built a pyramid for himself on ground higher than the Giza plateau (Abu Rowash)
•Was in charge of boat burials around Khufu
The Great Solar Barque of Khufu Constructed and Sealed by Djedefra

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Erosion on Sphinx

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• Water
• Sphinx originally may have had the face of a Lion
• Lower portion older, Upper portion refurbishe

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Who was Aker?

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This god was one of the most ancient deities of the Egyptians. He was depicted in lion form protecting the earth and also the East and West horizons of the Underworld.Fact 2 on Aker:Some believe that this ancient god symbolized the Great Sphinx, and that the "Highlands of Aker" refer to the raised Giza plateau upon which the Sphinx and the Pyramids were built. Fact 3on Aker:The images on this page depict the dual lion image of the god facing away from each other to represent his vigilance over the domains that he guarded.Fact 4 on Aker:The above picture of lions show them covered with leopard-like spots. The massive Barbary lion, which is now extinct, had a spotted coat.Fact 5 on Aker:The dual images facing away was symbolic of borders, in this instance the borders between darkness and light between each day.Fact 6 on Aker:The sun disk symbol is set beneath a line symbolizing the horizon and between two mountains representing the concept of enclosure and protection. Fact 7 on Aker:The Sun Disk was a powerful icon of ancient Egypt symbolizing creation and the source of light and an emblem of rebirth and resurrection.

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Who was Tefnut?

Back 100

was the Egyptian goddess of rain, water and moisture.
Head of a lioness, ankh and 'was scepter'

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Who was Shu?

Back 101

Shu was the Egyptian god of air. Shu: In ancient Egypt the word 'Shua' meant feather and the word 'Shu' meant light and space. The two words were easily connected to enable the ancient Egyptians to identify the god Shu just by the feather symbol.
Head of a lion, single ostrich feather, the ankh and 'was scepter'

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Edgar Cayce “Sleeping Prophet”

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American medium whose hypnotically induced teachings began the search for the hall of records.

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DYNASTY 7 – Manetho

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70rulers ruled for 70 days (no evidence)

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DYNASTY 8

Back 104

Ibi buried at Saqqara, so Memphis continues as royal capital [21502135BC]

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Dynasty 9

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DYNASTY 9 – Ankhtyfy of Mo’alla (south of Wast)

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DYNASTY 10

Back 106

“House of Kheti” rules at Herakleopolis, just south of the Fayum basinContemporary evidene shows that local rulers felt more obligated to their ownregion,tomb scriptures of this time period indicated an almost feudal system, held loosesovereignty over much of egypt

Front 107

Which Dynasty had 18 rulers ending in Kheti?
Give Date

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[21351986BC] 18rulers with names ending in KhetiGeneral Tefibi commands northern forcesGovernor of Asyut Is there any more detail on this?

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Dynasty 11? Give date and founder

Back 108

Inyotef II rules 2064 BC startsthe elevation of women bydeclaring his grandma divine
Montjuhotep II rules 2007 BC, defeats Teribi at Asyut ca. 1996 (?); moves north toHerakleopolis, military unification. Wast is captial of the “new Egypt” These later yearsof Montjuhotep are included in

Front 109

Inytoef II defeated what two groups/give dates

Back 109

defeats Confederacy of Nekhen 2054 BC
defeats Confederacy of Thinis 2050 BC
Nubian archers as mercenaries

Front 110

First intermediate period started in what dynasty?

Back 110

11th dynasty(1900's-1641)

Front 111

Give rulers of the 11th dynasty and dates of when each started

Back 111

1937AMENEM HAT I
1800sSENURSRETI [SENUSRET]
1800S AMENEM HAT III
1762-1759 SOBEKNEFERU”THE BEAUTIFUL CROCODILE”

Front 112

Give facts of within amenemhat I ruling

Back 112

A. ITJ TA WY thenew administrative capital
B. PYRAMID (LIgHT)
C. ASSASSINATION
D. TWO WAYS OF HORUS a“super highway”

Front 113

Give facts of Senursret I [SEN_US_RET]

Back 113

Built forts in Nubia through Wawat(abu-buhen)

sinhue's story(he was the ruler of this story

Front 114

What was the Sinuhe's story

Back 114

The Story of Sinuhe was possibly the first historical novel. It tells of a servant in the palace who overhears a plot to kill the Pharaoh Amenemhet I. Fearing that he would be implicated, he ran from Egypt and settled in Syria where he raised a family. However, he missed Egypt terribly and did not wish to be buried abroad. Thankfully, Pharaoh Sesostris I pardoned him and allowed him to return home.

Front 115

Facts of Amenemhat III

Back 115

Nile Floods

Fayum-sobek

Hawara

Labyrinth

Black Pyramid at Dahshur

Joseph

Front 116

Atum

Back 116

A creator and solar god of who created humans, he made the world by starting off making shade with a sycamore tree.Sphinx represents him and father of shu plus Tefnut.

Front 117

Sphinx

Back 117

marks the agriculture point of certain solstice.

Front 118

what is the The pharaoh's claim

Back 118

claim they did what Atum did & didn’t abuse their power....along the lines of “I did not abuse/take advantage of those inferior to me”
This was act of individual self-justification

Front 119

Ipu wer means...

Back 119

The Good man who writes the "The Good Shepherd"

Front 120

PTAH HOTEP PROVERBS, WISDOM LITERATURE

Back 120

holding yourself at a very low status

Front 121

The Misanthrope

Back 121

"hatred of his fellow man",My name is Aborred" complained that because he had money he didn't receive any respect.

"to Whom am I talking"not being acknowledged by anyone

Front 122

The eloquent peasant

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peasant's was robbed of his herd, traveled to the king about it, but was "criticized" for his elegant speech. At every party, he would talk until the pharaoh was so impressed he gave the peasant justice.

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Name some Linguistic changes

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THE DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE” it specifies
THE OBJECT PRONOUN AS SUBJECT”HIM AND ME WENT”
“ISCH”(SEE HIEROGLYPHIC) “LOOK!” AS A CONJUNCTION FOR“SINCE,” “WHEN” equivalent to “mira!” in Spanish; makes it energetic

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THE SHIPWRECKED SAILOR?

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Sailor traveling to the horn of Africa, then storm shipwrecked his crew.He swam to an island that was govern by giant serpent who spoke Egyptian. This island was the place of Ka.

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What did Heka-N-Akht meant?

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“magis is on the horizon”

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what did merisu meant?

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“BELOVED IS HIM (NOT HE)”
*note-he was Hekanakt son who got stuck on correspondence duty for his father

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SNEFRU

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Smeans “man” and Nefru means“beautiful/handsome/perfect”; he was the favorite brother

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Start of second intermediate period began(within) what dynasty

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15th dynasty

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what dynastys occurred in second intermediate period?Give date 1600-1500

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15th-

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Rulers of the 13th dynasty,give date

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KING AY 1700’S BC Foreign& Palestinian Kings
a. PYRAMID CAPSTONE
b. AVARIS
AAMU SA HAR NEDJ HER Y OTEF “Aamu” means “people” or the “people”;Palestinian kinga. HIEROGLYPHIC OF THROW STICK

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Rulers of the 15th dynasty,give date

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1640-1540BC
b. YAAKOV AAM means“Jacob people” but translates to “the people of Jacob”;important because it shows the blending of cultures (using Hebrew name butwriting it the Egyptian way)c. YAKHUB HER means“Jacob in the presence of”d. SEE HIEROGLYPHICS thoughtto mean “the Shepherd Kings”
2. KING APOPHIS (dYNASTY 15 16401540B.C.)a. HYKSOSGROUPB (ARABIA) militaryinvaders who bring...i. HORSEii. WHEEL, CHARIOTiii. SMALL SHIELDiv. COMPOSITE BOW RANGE180 METERS as opposed to the EgyptiansLong Bow, which only had a range of 60 meters

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Rulers of the 17th dynasty,give date

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17TH DYNASTY AT WAST (THEBES)1600S1540B.C.
1. SEQENENRE TAO II
2. KAMOSEATTACKSAVARIS
3. AHMOSE + AHMOSE NEFERTIRI

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Who was Joseph?

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Little info found, may have served under Amnemhat I as a traded person,prisoner of war, or given as tribute.Many people traded in are given Egyptian names

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What meaning of King Niuserre's name

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Ni(belong to )-Userr(power) ra=ra

belonging to the power of Ra

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What is the cannibal text?

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Can be seen in Keng Unas tomb,

This text detailing the coming of Orion to eat the entrails of the gods.

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What rulers were there in the 6th dynasty?

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Pepy II 2300-2100bc

old kingdom

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Give info about Pepy II

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last ruler of the sixth dynasty and old kingdom

Ruled at a young age

His reign probably started the dark times in the First intermediate period

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Give dates of the first intermediate period

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2100-1900's 9th dynasty

(to be exact 2175-2045)

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What were some of the dark times in the first intermediate period

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Famine,crop failure, the falling of the Egyptian bearucary,poor ruling(kings who could help crops were maybe executed),climate proved difficult for crop, and the rise of the pessimistic text

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Why was the first intermediate period called the Dark AGE?

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There was an almost total absence of monumental architecture, especially royal tombs.Several texts, including the Admonitions of Ipuwer and the Prophecy of Neferti suggest that some great cataclysm turned the accepted social order on its head.

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k

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k

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What three factors (in the split up of the Nile valley kingdom) were introduced 2nd intermediate period?

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The loss of Nubia- the place where wawat and yam consolidated their power centers under the rule of king of kerma.

The rise of avar is in the delta as a rival for Thebes (wast)

The fragemenration of the delta

.Thebes (wast) was economic hub of egptt during the middle kingdom. Nubia was cutting down on ivory ebony and gold which caused an reduction in economic power

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The factors that splitted up the Nile valley kingdom gave rise...

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To the military conflict between avaris and the 15th,17th dynasty at Thebes.

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Inyotef II challenged the 10th dynasty

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by declaring he was descended from a god and grants divine honors to all his family.He pushed thebes up to Thinis which was ruled by thebes