Intro To Education

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Acronym

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Technique for remembering names, phrases or steps by using the first letter of each word to form a new, memorable word

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Attention

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Focus on a stimulus

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Automated Basic Skills

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Skills that are applied without conscious thought

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Automaticity

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The ability to perform thoroughly learned tasks without much mental effort

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Bottom-Up Processing

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Perceiving based on noticing separate defining features and assembling them into a recognizable pattern.

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Central Executive

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The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources

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Chain Mnemonics

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Memory strategies that associate one-element in a series with the next element

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Chunking

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Grouping individual bits of data into meaningful larger units

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Cognititve Load

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The volume of resources necessary to complete a task

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Cognitive View of Learning

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A general approach that views learning as an active mental process of acquiring, remembering and using knowledge

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Concept

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A category used to group similar events, ideas, objects or people

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Concept

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The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources

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Conditional Knowledge

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"Knowing when and why" to use declarative and procedural knowledge

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Context

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The physical or emotional backdrop associated with an event.

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Decay

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The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time

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Declarative Knowledge

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Verbal information; facts, "knowing that" something is the case

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Defining Attribute

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Qualities that connect members of a group to a specific concept

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Distributed Practice

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Practice in brief periods with rest intervals

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Domain-Specific Strategies

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Consciously applied skills to reach goals in a particular subject or problem area

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Episodic Memory

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Long-term memory for information tied to a particular time and place, especially memory of the events in a person's life.

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Elaboration

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Adding and extending meaning by connecting new information to existing knowlege

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Elaborative Rehearsal

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Keeping information in working memory by associating it with something else you already know

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Extraneous Cognitive Load

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The resources required to process stimuli irrelevant to the task

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Executive Control Processes

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Processes such as selective attention, rehearsal, elaboration and organization that influence encoding, storage, and retrieval of information in memory

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Exemplar

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An actual memory of a specific object

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Explicit Memory

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Long-term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall

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Flashbulb Memories

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Clear, vivid memories of emotionally important events in your life

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Gestalt

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German for pattern or whole. Gestalt theorists hold that people organize their perceptions into coherent wholes

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General Knowledge

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Information that is useful in many different kinds of tasks; information that applies to many situations

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Germane Cognitive Load

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Deep processing of information related to the task, including the application of prior knowledge to a new task or problem

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Interference

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The process that occurs when remembering certain information is hampered by the presence of other information

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Intrinsic Cognitive Load

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The resources required by the task itself, regardless of other stimuli

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Images

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Representations based on the physical attributes-the appearance-of information

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Implicit Memory

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Knowledge that we are not conscious of recalling, but influences behavior or thought without our awareness

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Information Processing

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The human mind's activity of taking in, storing and using information

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Keyword Method

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System of associating new words or concepts with similar-sounding cue words and images

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Levels of Processing Theory

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Theory that recall of information is based on how deeply it is processed

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Loci Method

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Technique of associating items with specific places

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Long Term Memory

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Permannent store of knowledge

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Long-Term Working Memory

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Holds the strageties for pulling pulling information from long-term memory into working memory

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Maintenance Rehearsal

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Keeping information in working memory by repeating it to yourself

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Massed Practices

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Practice for a single extended period

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Productions

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The concepts of procedural memory; rules about what actions to take, given certain conditions

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Mnemonics

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Techniques for remembering; also, for the art of memory

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Perception

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Interpretation of sensory information

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Priming

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Activating a concept in memory or the spread of activation from one concept to another

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Organization

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Ordered and logical network of relations

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Procedural Knowledge

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Knowledge that is demonstrated when we perform a task, "knowing how"

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Procedural memory

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Long-term memory for how to do things

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Prototype

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A best example or best representative of a category

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Phonological Loop

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Part of working memory. A memory rehearsal system for verbal and sound information or about 1.5 to 2 seconds

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Peg-Type Mnemonics

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System of associating items with cue words

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Part Learning

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Breaking a list of rote learning items into shorter lists

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Propositional Network

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Set of interconnected concepts and relationships in which long-term knowledge is held

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Retrieval

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Process of searching for and finding information in long-term memory

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Reconstruction

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Recreating information by using memories, expectations, logic and existing knowledge

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Rote Memorization

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Remembering information by repetition without necessarily understanding the meaning of the information

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Schemas (singular, schema)

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Basic structure for organizing information, concepts

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Short-term Memory

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Component of memory system that holds information for about 20 seconds

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Semantic Memory

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Memory for meaning

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Story Grammar

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Typical structure or organization for a category of stories

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Serial-Positions Effect

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The tendency to remember the beginning and the end but not the middle of a list

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Script

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Schema or expected plan for the sequences of steps in a common event such as buying groceries or ordering take-out pizza