Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
System
|
A complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose actions are directed toward goals and are influenced by enviroment within which they function
|
|
Exchange
|
A mutual transfer of resources: A balance of benefits and deficits that flow from behavior based on decisions about values and costs of alternatives (ex. Plea bargain)
|
|
Discretion
|
The ability to exercise independent judgment and decision making
|
|
Dual Court System
|
A system consisting of separate jud. System for each state in addition to a nat. system case tried in right court (state or fed)
|
|
Adjudication
|
Determining whether or not a defendant is guilty
|
|
Felonies
|
Serious crimes usually carrying a penalty of death or of incarceration for more than 1 year (Can be divided into lesser and more serious)
|
|
Midemeanors
|
Less serious offenses that have a plausibility of jail, penalty is less than a year
|
|
Crime Control Model
|
A model of the criminal justice system that assumes freedom is so important that every effort must be made to repress crime
|
|
Due Process Model
|
A model of the criminal justice system that assumes freedom is so important that every effort must be made to ensure that criminal justice decisions are based on reliable information
|
|
Disparity
|
A difference between groups that may either be explained by legitimate factors or indicate discrimination
|
|
Discrimination
|
Differential treatment of individuals or groups based on race, ethnicity, gender, or economic status
|
|
Mes Rea
|
"The guilty mind"
|
|
Actus Reus
|
"Wrongful/guilty act"
|
|
Mala en se Crimes
|
Offenses that are wrong by their very nature
|
|
Mala Prohibita Crimes
|
Offenses prohibited by law but not wrong in themselves
|
|
Visible Crime
|
“street crime” or “ordinary crime” is an offense against persons or property, committed primarily by members of the lower class. This is the one that is most upsetting to the public
|
|
Occupational Crime
|
Criminal offenses committed through opportunities created in a legal business or occupation.
|
|
Organized Crime
|
A framework for the perpetuation of criminal acts- usually in fields such as gambling, drugs and prostitution- providing illegal services that are in great demand.
|
|
Victim-less Crime
|
Offenses involving a willing and private exchange of illegal goods or services that are in strong demand. Participants do not feel they are being harmed, but these crimes are prosecuted on the ground that society as a whole is being injured.
|
|
Political Crime
|
An act, usually committed for ideological purposes, that constitutes a threat against the state (treason/terrorism)
|
|
Cyber Crime
|
Offenses that involve the use of one or more computers or phones
|
|
Dark Figure of Crime
|
Some surveys reveal that much more crime occurs than is reported by the police
|
|
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
|
An annually published statistical summary of crimes that are never reported by the police, based on voluntary reports to the FBI by local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies
|
|
National Crime Victimization Surveys(NCVS)
|
Interviews of samples of the U.S. Population conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the number and types of criminal victimization and thus the extent of unreported as well as reported crimes
|
|
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
|
A reporting system where the police describe each offense in a crime incident, together with data describe the offender, victim, and property (Reports 46 offenses in 22 crime categories)
|
|
Classical School
|
A school of criminology that views behavior are stemming from free will, demands responsibility and accountability of all perpetrators, and stresses the need for punishments severe enough to deter others
|
|
Positivist Criminology
|
A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and psychological factors, It argues that punishment should be tailed to individual needs of the offenders
|
|
Sociological Explanations
|
Explanations of crime that emphasize as causes of criminal behavior the social conditions that bear on the individual
|
|
Social Structure Theories
|
Theories that blame crime on the existence of a powerless lower class that lives with poverty and deprivation and often turns to crime in response
|
|
Anomie
|
Break law and rules to achieve what the upper has
|
|
Social Process Theories
|
Theories that see criminality as normal behavior. Everyone has the potential to become a criminal, depending on the influences that impel one toward or away from crime and how one is regarded by others
|
|
Learning Theories
|
Learn criminal behavior from family and others
|
|
Differential Association
|
Different opportunities based on social class and growing up
|
|
Control Theories
|
Your attachment to others and society and make you unlikely to break law
|
|
Labeling Theories
|
Start following labels others give you
|
|
Social Conflict Thoery
|
Theories that view crime as a result of conflict in society, such as conflict between economic classes caused by elites using law as a mean to maintain power
|
|
Critical Criminology
|
Theories that assume criminal law and the criminal justice system are primarily a means of controlling the lower classes, women, and minorities
|
|
Feminist Theories
|
Theory that seeks to incorporate an understanding of differences between the experiences of man and women while also integrating consideration of other factors such as race and social class.
|
|
Life Course Theories
|
Theories that identify factors affecting the start, duration, nature, and end of criminal over the life of an offender
|
|
Integrated Theories
|
Theories that combine differing theoretical perspectives into a larger model
|
|
Victimology
|
A field of criminology that examines the role the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and also examines the impact of crimes on victims
|
|
Legal Responsibility
|
The accountability of an individual for a crime because of the perpetrator’s characteristics and the circumstances of the illegal act
|
|
Civil Law
|
Law regulating the relationships between or among individuals, usually involving property, contracts
|
|
Substantive Criminal Law
|
Law that defines acts that are subject to punishment and specifies the punishments for such offenses
|
|
Infractions
|
Minor offenses that are typically punishable by small fines and that produce no criminal record for the offender
|
|
Penal Codes
|
Contain substantive criminal law that defines crime and also punishments for those crimes.
|
|
Procedural Criminal Law
|
Law defining procedures that criminal justice officials must follow to enforcement, adjudication, and corrections must follow
|
|
Self-Defense
|
A person who feels he or she is in immediate danger may use force ward off and attack.
|
|
Necessity
|
The defendant breaks a law in order to save themselves or prevent a greater harm
|
|
Duress
|
A defendant is physically coerced by another to commit a crime
|
|
Entrapment
|
The police induced the individual to commit a crime when he originally would not have
|
|
Immaturity
|
The defendant was an “infant” under 7 years of age
|
|
M'Naghten Rule
|
The right from wrong test where the defendent didn’t know at time the difference between right and wrong due to a mental illness
|
|
Procedural Criminal Law
|
Defines how the state must process cases
|
|
Double Jeopardy (5th)
|
The subjecting of a person to more than once in same jurisdiction for the same offense
|
|
Self Incrimination (5th)
|
The act of exposing oneself to prosecution by being forced to respond to questions when the answers may reveal that one has committed the crime.
|
|
Grand Jury
|
Body of Citizens drawn from the community to hear evidence presented by the prosecutor in order to decide whether enough evidence exists to file charged against a defendant.
|
|
14th Amendment
|
Due process of law, equal protection of law for every citizen of the U.S.
|
|
Fundamental Fairness
|
A legal doctrine supporting the idea that so long as state's conduct maintains basic standard of fairness, the Constitution has not been violated
|
|
Incorpartation
|
The extension of the due process clause of the 14th amendment to making binding on state governments that rights guaranteed in the first ten amendments to the us Constitution ( bill of rights)
|
|
Exclusionary Rule
|
Police/Prosecutors cannot use evidence obtained illegally in a trial
|