Intro To Criminal Justice

Front 1

Law enforcement experts say that “__________ ___________" – gunfire that spreads “in the adrenaline-pumping, split-second heat of the moment among officers who believe that they or their colleagues, are facing a deadly threat – likely explained the number of shots fired during the Arian shooting.

Back 1

contagious shooting

Front 2

Bill of Rights

Back 2

1. Freedom of speech religion, press

2. Rights to bear arms

3. No quartering of troops

4. Search and Seizure

5.Due process and self incrimination

6. right to public, speedy trial

7. Trial by jury exceeding $20

8. cruel and unusual punishment

9. rights not enumerated

10. rights reserved to the states respectively, or to the people

Front 3

the constitution of the United States provides for a system of checks and balances among the _________, _____________, ___________ branches.

Back 3

legislative

judicial

executive

Front 4

What does the Legislative branch do?

Back 4

passes federal laws

Front 5

What branch determines the consitutionality of laws

Back 5

Judical Branch

Front 6

What does the Executive or "Presidential" branch do?

Back 6

Enforce laws

Front 7

What law became of the Mirandy versus Arizona case?

Back 7

requirment of a police" rights advisement" of suspects

Front 8

The Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution require ____ ________, which mandates that justice system officials respect the rights of an accused individual throughout the criminal justice process.

Back 8

Due process

Front 9

also known as "probable cause" in a criminal proceeding, a "writ" issued by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement office to perform specified act and affording the officer protection from damages if he or she performs it.

Back 9

Warrant

Front 10

Writ of Certiorari

Back 10

a writ issued from an appellate court for the purpse of obtaining from a lower court the record of its proceeding in a particular case

Front 11

A legal principle that exclues from introducting at trial any evidence later developed as a result of an illegal search or seizure

Back 11

Fruit of the Poisionous tree doctrine

Front 12

the case made the exclusionary rule applicable to criminal prosecutions at the state level

Back 12

Mapp vs Ohio (1961)

Front 13

good-faith exception

Back 13

allow evidence that officers had seized in "reasonable good faith" to be used in court even though the search was later ruled illegal

Front 14

a legal criteria are based on facts and circumstances

Back 14

probable cause

Front 15

a precedent-setting court decision that produces substantial changes in both in the understanding of the requirements of due process and in the practical day-to-day operations of the justice system

Back 15

landmark case

Front 16

Before a warrant can be issued, police officers must demonstrate _______ ________.

Back 16

probable cause

Front 17

Police officers have the opportunity to begin investigations or to confiscate evidence, without a warrant, based on what they find in ______ ______ and open to public inspection

Back 17

plain view

Front 18

a search conducted by the police without a warrant, which is justified on the basis of some immediate and overriding need, such as public safety, the likely escape of a dangerous suspect, or the removal or destruction of evidence

Back 18

emergency search

Front 19

what seach is legally termed "Exigent cirumstances searches"

Back 19

emergency searches

Front 20

According to the Legal Counsel Division of the Federal bureau of Investigation, there are three threats that "provide jusitification for emergency warrantless action" They are clear dangers, what are they"

Back 20

1. to life

2. of escape

3. of the removal or destruction of evidence

Front 21

What situations may create an exception to the Fourth Amendment's requirement of a search warrant.

Back 21

If there are clear dangers to life, escape, or of the removal or destruction of evidence

Front 22

Define an anticipatory warrant?

Back 22

are seach warrants issued on the basis of probably cause to believe that evidence of a crime, while not currely at the place described, will likely be there when the warrant is executed

Front 23

What occurs wheneve a law enforcement officer restricts a person's freedom to leave.

Back 23

An arrest

Front 24

The act of taking an adult or juvenile into physical custody by authority of law for the purpose of charging the person with a criminal offense, a delinquent act, or a status offense, terminating with the recording of a specific offense

Back 24

arrest

Front 25

search incident to an arrest

Back 25

the U.S. Supreme Court has established a clear rule that police officers have the right to conduct a search of a person being arrested, regardless of gender, and to search the area under the arrestee's immediate control to protect themselves from attack.

Front 26

Can be defined as a belief, based on a consideration of facts at hand and on reasonable inferences drawn from those facts, that would induce an ordinarily prudent and cautious person under the same circumstances to conclude that criminal activity is taking place or that criminal activity has recently occurred

Back 26

reasonable suspicion

Front 27

the information gathering activity of police officers that involves the direct questioning of suspects

Back 27

Interrogation

Front 28

Interrogation may include:

Back 28

1. Stage line ups

2. Reverse line ups

3. positioning guilt

4. minimizing the moral seriousness

5. of crime, and casting blame on victim of society

Front 29

Inherent Coercion

Back 29

the tactics used by police interviewers that fall short of physical abuse but that nonetheless pressure suspects to divulge information

Front 30

the manipulative actions by police interviewers, designed to pressure suspects to divulge information, that are based on subtle forms of intimidation and control

Back 30

psychological manipulation

Front 31

Edwards VS Arizona

Back 31

established a "bright-line" rule for investigators to use in interpreting a suspects right to counsel

Front 32

the advisement of rights due to criminal suspects by the police before questioning begins

Back 32

miranda warnings

Front 33

Waiver of miranda rights

Back 33

suspects in police custody may legally waive their Miranda rights through a voluntary "knowing and intelligent" waiver

Front 34

Telecommunications Act of 1996

Back 34

Title V of the Telecommunication Act of 1996 made it a federal offense for anyone engaged in interstate or international communications to knowingly use a telecommunications device "to creat, solict, or initate the transmission of any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image, or other communication which is obsene, lewd, lascivious, filty, or indecent with the intent to annoy, abuse, threaten or harass another person

Front 35

Made it easier for police investigators to intercept many forms of electronic communication

Back 35

The USA Patriot Act of 2001

Front 36

Information and data of investigative value that are stored in or transmitted by an electronic device ( 4 special characteristics)

Back 36

Electronic Evidence

Front 37

Latent Evidence

Back 37

evidence of relevance to a criminal investigation that is not readily seen by the unaided eye

Front 38

the lawful seizure, acquistion, analysis, reporting, and safeguarding of data from digital devices that may contain information of evidentiary value to the trier of fact in criminal even

Back 38

Digital criminal forensics

Front 39

What are the four characteristics of Electronic Evidence?

Back 39

1. It is latent

2. It can be sent across national and state borders quickly and easily

3. it is fragile and can easily be altered, and damaged, compromised, or destroyed by improper handling or improper examination

4. it may be time sensitive

Front 40

the set of informal values which characterized the police force as a distinct community with a common identity

Back 40

Police subculture

Front 41

Police working personality

Back 41

all aspects of the traditional values and patterns of behavior demonstrated by police officers who have been socialized into police subculture

Front 42

The abuse of police authority for personal or organizational gain

Back 42

police corruption

Front 43

Internal Affairs

Back 43

the brance of a police organization tasked with the investigating chargers of wrongdoing involving members of the department

Front 44

Are protections that officers have against self incrimination in the face of questioning

Back 44

Garrity Rights

Front 45

Policing is a highly ___________, ___________ activity that routinely takes place in private settings, out of sight supervisors, and in the presence of witnesses who are often regarded as unreliable

Back 45

discretionary, coercive

Front 46

The perspective holds that even a small thank-you accepted from a member of the public can lead to a more ready acceptance of larger bribes

Back 46

slippery slope

Front 47

Give examples of Low Level Corruption

Back 47

Gratuities i.e free coffee

Playing favorites, selective enforcement

Minor Bribes

Front 48

Give examples of High Level Corruption

Back 48

Violent Crimes, physical abuse of suspects

Denial of civil rights

Criminal Enterprise, resale of confiscated drugs

Front 49

What are Grass Eaters?

Back 49

the most common form of police corruption, was described as illegitimate activity that occurs from time to time in normal course of police work

Front 50

What is "Meat Eating"

Back 50

is a much more serious form of corruption, involving the active seeking of illicit money making opportunties by officers

solict bribes through treat or intimidation

Front 51

The difficulty of controlling corruption can be traced into several factors including:

Back 51

1. reluctance of police officers to report corrupt activities by their fellow officers

2. reluctance of police adminstrator to acknowledge the existence of corruption in their agencies

3. the lack of victims willing to reprot corruption

Front 52

Drug testing of Police Employees

Back 52

Depending on the position held, random drug testing is mandatory i.e U.S Customs or areas such as narcotics and vice.

Front 53

What are some dangers of policing work

Back 53

on the job police deaths occur from:

stress,

training accidents;

auto crashes;

violent death at hands of criminal offenders that police and their families fear most

Front 54

What are some risk of disease and infected evidence

Back 54

biological weapon - a biological agent used to threaten human life (ex. anthrax, small pox, or any infectious disease)

Front 55

What is intelligence led policing

Back 55

the collection and analysis of information to produce an intelligence end product designed to inform police decision making at both tactical and strategic levels

Front 56

Where is intellengence gathered from?

Back 56

newspapers

surveillance

covert operations

financial records

electronic evidence

interviews

internet

Front 57

What is criminal intelligence?

Back 57

is the result of a "process" that evaluates information collected from diverse sources.

Front 58

Law enforcement intelligence consists of two types: What are they?

Back 58

Tactical

Strategic

Front 59

Suit of _____ ________ brought against law enforcement personnel are of two types: What are they?

Back 59

civil liability; state & federal

Front 60

What is the potential responsibility for payment of damages or other court-ordered enforcement as a result of a ruling in a law suit.

Back 60

Civil liability

Front 61

Criminal liability means ________ ____ _________ for a crime

Back 61

open to punishment

Front 62

What are some major sources of police civil liability?

Back 62

Failure to protect property in police custody

False arrest

False imprisonment

Racial profiling

inappropriate use of deadly

Front 63

What are some issues that most often result in civil suit against police departments and follow-up justice department investigations are:

Back 63

1. Police use of inappropriate force

2. Early intervention systems which flag officers who may be engaging in appropriate behavior

3. the inadequate and supervision of officers

4. biased policing and unlawful stops, searches, arrests

5. gender bias in the handling of sexual assaults

6. police interactions with persons with mental illness

Front 64

Police use of force

Back 64

the use of physical restraint by a police officer when dealing with a member of the public

Front 65

Examples of police use of force

Back 65

hitting, holding or restraining, pushing, choking

Front 66

What is Excessive force?

Back 66

the application of an amount or frequency or force greater than that required to compel compliance from a willing or unwilling subject.

Front 67

What is Level one of the Police use of force continuum ?

Back 67

Officer Presence ->

physical appearance

professional bearing

Front 68

What is Level two of the Police use of force continuum?

Back 68

Verbal Commands ->

clear, and deliberate

Front 69

What is level three of the Police use of force continuum?

Back 69

Soft techniques ->

pepper spray

wrist lock

Front 70

What is level four of the Police use of force continuum?

Back 70

Hard technique ->

strike and take down

Front 71

What is level five of the Police use of force continuum

Back 71

Deadly force ->

Firearm

Strike to vital areas

Front 72

What is likely to cause death or great bodily harm

Back 72

deadly force

Front 73

What is the Federal system composed of?

Back 73

U.S. District Court

U.S Court of Appeals

U.S Supreme Court

Front 74

What is the State court system composed of?

Back 74

The Trial court

The appellate court

State Supreme court

Front 75

What is the lawful authority of a court to hear cases that arise within a specific geographical area

Back 75

Originial jurisdiction

Front 76

What are "State Trial Courts"?

Back 76

Trial courts are where criminal cases begin

Front 77

What are the 4 steps in Trial court?

Back 77

1. Conducts arraignment

2. Sets bail

3. Takes pleas

4. Conducts trial

Front 78

What is an appeal?

Back 78

asks that a higher court review the actions of a lower court

Front 79

What is the U.S District Court?

Back 79

Trial courts

Front 80

What is the U.S Court of Appeals?

Back 80

Hears appeals from district courts

Front 81

What is the U.S. Supreme court composed of?

Back 81

Consists of 9 justices

8 associates + 1 chief justice

Front 82

District court judges are appointed by the _________ and approved by the ________.

Back 82

president;senate

Front 83

What are the three kind of appeals?

Back 83

Friviolous appeals

Ritualistic appeals

Nonconsensual appeals

Front 84

Due process requirements of relevance to the police pertain to 3 major areas

Back 84

Evidence and investigation

Arrest

Interrogation

Front 85

Jurors

Back 85

Citizens selected for jury duty in a court of law

Front 86

Jurors

Back 86

Citizens selected for jury duty in a court of law

Front 87

Trial courts are where criminal case begin. Trial court conducts...

Back 87

Arraignments, set bail, takes pleas and conducts trial

Front 88

Edwards v Arizona

Back 88

Established a bright line rule use to interpret a suspects right to counsel

Front 89

How are the names of prospective jurors gathered?

Back 89

From tax records, motor vehicle records, voter registration rolls

Front 90

Court reporter

Back 90

Is to create a record of all that occurs during trial

Front 91

3 types of challenges are recognized in criminal court

Back 91

Challenges to the array

Challenges for cause

Peremptory challenge

Front 92

First appearance occurs when defendants are brought before a judge

Back 92

1) to be given notice of the charges against them

2) to be advised of their rights

3) to be given the opportunity to retain a lawyer or to have one appointed

4) to possibly be afforded the opportunity for bail

Front 93

The federal deadly force policy as adopted by the FBI contains the following elements

Back 93

Defense of life

Fleeing subject

Verbal warning

Warning shot

Vehicle

Front 94

U.S vs Bagley

Back 94

Prosecution must disclose any evidence that the defense requested

Front 95

What are the two types of evidence ?

Back 95

Direct or circumstantial (indirect)

Front 96

Expert witness

Back 96

Specialized skills and knowledge in a certain area

Front 97

McNabb decision

Back 97

48 hours following arrest became the standard maximum time frame by which a first appearance should be held

Front 98

What are alternatives to pretrial release?

Back 98

Release on recognizance

Property bond

Deposit bond

Conditional release

Third party custody

Unsecured bond

Signature bond

Front 99

Define prosecutor

Back 99

Responsible for presenting the states case against the defendant

Front 100

What is the role of the Defense counsel

Back 100

A trial lawyer hired or appointed to conduct the legal defense of a person accused of a crime

Front 101

Is the formal answer in court to the charge contained in a complaint : guilty, not guilty or no contest

Back 101

Plea

Front 102

Reasonable grounds

Back 102

Probable cause

Front 103

What is the criteria for release on recognizance

Back 103

No previous convictions

Residential stability

Good employment record

Front 104

Negotiating an agreement between the defendant and prosecutor

Back 104

Plea bargain

Front 105

Trial can be divided into two categories

Back 105

Professionals: are the official courtroom actors

Outsiders: participants who are only temporarily involved with the court

Front 106

Any evidence seized w\o regard to the principle of due process as described by the bill of rights

Back 106

Illegally seized evidence

Front 107

Expert witness

Back 107

Are recognized as having "specialized skills and knowledge" in an established profession or technical area

Front 108

Tactical

Back 108

Is gaining or developing information

Front 109

Provides information to decision making

Back 109

Strategic

Front 110

Makes use of a persons demeanor actions, bearing, and manner to identify an offender before he can act

Back 110

Behavior profiling