Intro To Counseling Exam

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Dorothea Dix

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1850
Advocated "moral treatment" for mentally ill and helped establish mental hospitals

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Jesse Davis

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1907
Developed one of first guidance curriculums - Michigan; "moral guidance"

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Frank Parsons

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1908
Founder of vocational guidance; developed first comprehensive approach to vocational guidance; 1. knowledge of self 2. knowledge of vocations 3. matching #1 & #2

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Clifford Beers

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1908
Institutionalized; A mind that found itself; advocated humane treatment of mentally ill

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Carl Rogers

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1940s
1. unconditional positive regard
2. be genuine
3. provide empathy
"necessary and sufficient"
developed nondirective approach to counseling - humanistic counseling and education

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Community Mental Health Centers Act

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1963
Federal law provided for establishment of community mental health centers nationally; closer to home - reduced number of people institutionalized

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Donaldson v. O'Connor

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1975
Led to deinstitutionalization of mental hospital patients

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Events that brought psychotherapy and counseling together

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1. WWI - use of intelligence testing - schools and psychiatric facilities began to use
2. Great Depression - gov't realized need to play role in getting people jobs
3. 1939 - Dictionary of Occupational Titles - stimulate job services in school and psychiatric settings

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APGA (American Personnel and Guidance Association)

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1952
predescessor to today

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National Defense Education Act

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spawned after Sputnik - funded schools and counseling services - eventually extends to elementary counselors

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B.F. Skinner

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Operant conditioning - applied in both schools and psych. settings

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Albert Ellis

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REBT - Rational Emotive Therapy - used across settings and made more alike (irrational beliefs)

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Guthre

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Even the Rat was White; beginning of multicultural movement/view

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Primary Prevention

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prevent problems before they occur (career education, conflict resolution skills to everyone)

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Secondary Prevention

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identification and early intervention of existing problems (anxiety management skills to someone test phobic)

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Tertiary Prevention

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long-term intensive treatment of serious problems to prevent catastrophic problems (treating depression to prevent suicide)

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Developmental Guidance

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primary prevention - helping students cope with developmental issues

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Balanced Approach to School Counseling

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emphasizes primary and secondary prevention - reach higher % of kids, in theory then shouldn't need tertiary, are school counselors competent to provide tertiary?

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Bateson

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Family communications; family cause (expressed emotion) mental illness - must treat entire family

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Pinel

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removed chains of mental patients (1700s) - calming environments help manage mental illness

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Salvadore Minuchin

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Proposed mental illness is a function of a disturbed family system - sick person is idenitified patient and scapegoat of family - must treat entire family
Structural Family Therapy

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Ethical Themes

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1. Competency
2. Multicultural Sensitivity
3. Do not exploit clients
4. Confidentiality
5. Avoid dual relationships

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Lazarus

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Multimodal therapy

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Aaron Beck

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Cognitive Therapy (similar to Ellis)

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Mahoney

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Constructivist Approach - humans complex with thoughts, feelings, behaviors being interdependent

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Existential-Humanistic Approaches

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Rogers
Gestalt therapy - Fritz Perls
Existential - Corey

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Behavioral Approaches

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Pavlov - classical conditioning
Skinner - operant conditioning
Bandura - modeling

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Strategic Family Therapy

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Based on understanding of communications and systems theory, pragmatic - not unconscious, not particularly concerned with feelings
Jay Hayley
Chloe Madanes
Milan Associates

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Communication Family Therapy

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Virginia Satir
similary to Hayley, also shows humanistic influence; believed important to have info. on important events from past generations

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Multigenerational Family Therapy

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Focus on how behavioral patterns and personality traits from prior generations have been passed down
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Murray Bowen

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Experiential Family Therapy

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stresses experience of self, each other, and the therapist within family therapy - based mostly on humanistic and existential psychology
Carl Whitaker

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Psychodynamic Family Therapy

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merge systemic thinking with psychodynamic theory- places greater emphasis on how client projects internal world onto the family and subsequent interactional processes
Nathan Ackerman
Robin Skynner

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Behavorial Family Therapy

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oriented toward system relief and does not focus on intrapsychic processes, underlying issues, or unconscious (tends to include cognitive therapy)

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Narrative Family Therapy

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based on belief there are no absolute truths and critical to understand the stories that people and families tell in order to help them deconstruct how they come to understand their family and recreate how they understand themselves
Michael White
David Epson