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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Political Engineering |
The creation of political institutions & structures explicitlydesigned to achieve particular political objectives. |
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Politically Engineered Systems |
a. ProblematicCleavage Structures
b. CompetingSovereignty Claims c. Changing SocietalNorms |
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Sectarian Conflict |
Conflictrooted in mutual intolerance between groups w/ deeply held core beliefs thatare fundamentally different.
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Consociationalism |
A power-sharing arrangement between religious, ethnic or other distinctgroups designed to reduce conflict in divided societies.
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Elements of Consociationalism |
a. ProportionalQuotas of Power
b. Segment-BasedGrand Coalition c. CommunalAutonomy d. MutualVeto Power |
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Belligerents |
A party to a violent conflict that has formal legal recognition.
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Ethnic Cleansing |
The use of violence by one group to forcibly expel another group from agiven religion.
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Partition |
The process ofredrawing the borders of an existing country to create new sovereign states.
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Confessionalism |
A political system in which religious groups are given specific quotasof political power irrespective of election results.
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Patronage |
The use of state resources (Jobs, Contracts) to reward groups orindividuals for their political support.
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Asymmetrical Federalism |
A situation in which some sub-national governments are granted greaterauthority than others to govern themselves in a federal system.
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Secession |
Formal withdrawal from a parent entity, especially as when a territorybreaks away from its existing state to become independent.
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Dual Sovereignty |
Situation in which 2 different political entities simultaneously claimthe right to govern a given territory.
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Jurisdiction |
A geographic, policy or legal area over which a particular governingbody has legitimate authority.
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Supremacy Clause |
A legal principle stating that national laws take precedence when theyconflict with those of a sub-national government.
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Theocracy |
A government in which civil law is defined by religious principles asinterpreted by clerical authorities.
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Supreme Leader |
The indirectly elected cleric who wields ultimate authority in Iran.
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Guardian Council |
The body responsible for determining which candidates & parties willbe allowed to run in Iranian elections.
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Shi'a Religious Hierarchy |
a. Ayatollah:leader at the highest level of religious authority
b. Mullah:mid-level authorities who can issue fatwas c. Imam:prayer leaders & counselors at individual mosques. |
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Fatwa |
A legal ruling issued by a recognized authority in Islamic law. |
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Differences between Sunni & Shi'a Islam |
a. SunniIslam sees a direct relationship between a believer and the Almighty (Like Proestants)
b. Shi’aIslam believes this relationship must be facilitated by designated religiousauthorities (Like Catholicism). |
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Pogrom |
Thestate sanctioned and organized mass murder or persecution of a minority group,particularly against Jews.
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Aboriginal |
Related to populations that are the original indigenous occupants of aparticular territory before colonization.
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Red Guards |
Paramilitary units of Chinese students who were fanatically devoted toMao during the Cultural Revolution.
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Cadre |
The ‘professional’ core of dedicated activists within radical parties orrevolutionary movements.
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Social Movements |
Large-scale collective action at the grass-roots level demanding socialand/or political reforms.
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Plurinationalism |
Multiple, distinct nationalities w/ legal & social recognitioncoexisting within a single party.
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Cultural Assimilation |
The process whereby a sociocultural minority group is absorbed by thedominant culture & cease to be distinct from the majority.
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Common Features of indigenous customarygovernance:
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a. Communalland tenure and resource management
b. AlternativeConflict Resolution mechanisms c. Consensual instead ofcompetitive selection of public officials |
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Land Tenure |
Land use claims by individuals or groups on the basis of legal title orcustomary practice.
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Restorative Justice |
A theory of justice that prioritizes repairing the social harm caused bycriminal behavior rather than punishment of perpetrators (community pickspunishment).
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Misogyny |
A deeply rooted attitude of hatred, contempt & suspicion of women.
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Substantive Representation |
A situation in which elected officials share the same policy preferencesas their constituents and advocate on their behalf.
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Descriptive Representation |
A pattern in which office holders share the same gender, ethnoculturaland/or religious identities as their constituents.
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Tokenism |
The practice of giving symbolic representation to minorities withoutactually empowering them to act on behalf of their group (One woman torepresent all women).
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3 common types of electoral gender quotas:
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a. Reservedlegislative seats (Women Seats)
b. Mandatedcandidate quotas (Have to have certainpercentage of women) c. Voluntary Partyquotas (voluntarily slate # of female characters) |
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Punctuated Equilibrium |
In social Science, the idea that normally stable political institutionsperiodically undergo brief periods of rapid, intense change.
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Exogenous Variables |
Variables located outside the system being studied
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Endogenous Variables |
Variables located within the system being studied
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Plurality |
The largest # of votes received by one alternative out of the full listof choices available.
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Social Revolution |
Rapid, fundamental transformation of a country’s political & socialstructures following a class-based revolt from below.
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Revolution From Above |
A process of radical political & social change initiated followingthe capture of the state by a new modernizing elite.
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Meiji Restoration |
A process of transition in Japan from feudalism to a modern industrialized state starting in 1868. |
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Mustafa Kemal Ataturk |
Turkish leader who instituted a radical program of modernization & secularization after seizing power in 1922. |
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Democratic Contagion Effect |
The hypothesis that a transition to democracy in one country will leadto similar transitions in nearby countries.
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Color Revolutions |
A series of nonviolent revolts in the early 2000s that toppledoppressive regimes in several former Soviet Republics.
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Arab Spring |
Period in 2010-11 which saw spontaneous popular uprisings against a # oflong-time dictatorships in the Middle East.
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Long March |
The historic 1934-35 military retreat by the Chinese Communists toescape an extermination campaign by Kuomintang forces.
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Great Leap Forward |
Mao Tse-Tung’s effort to rapidly modernize China using labor-intensiveindustrialization from 1958-1960.
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Cultural Revolution |
A radical anti-establishment campaign led by Mao to purgecounter-revolutionaries & ideologically purify China in the 1960s-70s
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Gang of Four |
A group of prominent Chinese Communist officials, including Mao’s wife,who were convicted for the Cultural Revolution’s criminal excesses.
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