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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is media agenda? |
position and length of the story |
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What is public agenda? |
It is found through surveys |
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What was found between the media agenda and the voter agenda? |
Almost a perfect correlation between the two |
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Who is the most affected by Agenda Setting? |
Uses and Gratifications, people willing to let the media shape their opinions/ people with little knowledge of the topic *Index of Curiosity |
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What does the media do through framing? |
They select, exclude, emphasize and elaborate (transfer of importance of attributes of an object or event) |
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Which theory does Agenda Setting challenge? |
The view of moderate effects theory, dominant in the 1960s |
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What is similar between Agenda Setting and Cultivation Theory? |
The methodology used |
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What is a limitation to Agenda Setting? |
findings are only through surveys, you can't keep people in labs to study them |
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How are we all involved in framing? |
As either victims or perpetrators |
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What currently is limiting Agenda Setting? |
The current trend towards personalization of reception. We now have much more power over the news we access and the stories we pay attention to. |
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Define Agenda Setting Hypothesis |
the mass media have the ability to transfer the importance of their issues on their media agenda onto the public agenda |
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Define Media Agenda |
pattern of news coverage across major print and broadcast media, measured by the prominence and length of stories |
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Define Public Agenda |
most important public issues, measured by public opinion surveys |
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Define Interest Aggregations |
clusters of people who demand centre stage for their one, overriding concern; pressure groups |
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Define Index of Curiosity |
measure of the extent to which individuals' need for orientation motivates them to let the media shape their views |
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What does the higher the index of curiosity mean? |
the higher the index of curiosity means the more they are willing to give into Agenda-Setting |
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Define Framing |
selection of a restricted number of thematically related attributes for inclusion on the media agenda when a particular object or issue is discussed |
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Define Media Malady Effect |
negative economic headlines and stories that depress consumer sentiment and leading economic indicators |
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What does technological determinism tell us? |
It tells us a story of effects
It does NOT tell you how people changed technology along the way |
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What does, "the Medium is the Message," mean? |
that the channel/medium used is as important, if not more important than the message itself |
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What is the relationship between media and society? |
It is a linear relationship |
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What is the relationship between technology and society? |
It is a cause-and-effect loop |
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What is a critique of Media Ecology? |
There is not enough evidence, McLuhan never tested his theories |
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Define Media |
generic term for all human-made technology that extends the range, speed or channels of communication |
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Define Symbolic Environment |
the socially constructed sensory world of meanings |
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Define Medium |
A specific type of media For example, a book, newspaper, radio, television, telephone, film, website or email |
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Define Media Ecology |
the study of different personal and social environments created by the use of different communication technologies |
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Define Technology according to McLuhan |
human inventions that enhance communication |
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Define Overdetermination |
Equifinality, a systems theory assumption that a given outcome could be effectively caused by any, or many interconnected factors |
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Define the Tribal Age |
An Acoustic Era A time of community because the ear was the dominant sensory organ |
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Define the Literary Age |
A visual Era a time of private detachment because the eye is the dominant sense organ |
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What lead to the Literary Age? |
the invention of the phonetic alphabet |
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Define the Print Age |
A visual Era mass-produced books usher in the industrial revolution and nationalism, yet individuals are more isolated than ever |
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What lead to the Print Age? |
The development of the Printing Press |
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Define the Electronic Age |
Era of Instant Communication a return to the global village with all-at-once sound and touch |
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What caused the Electronic Age? |
The development of the telegraph |
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Define Global Village |
a worldwide global community where everyone knows everyone's business and everyone is a little testy |
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What is the Digital Age? |
a possible fifth era of specialized electronic tribes contentious over diverse beliefs and values |
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What is Semiotics? |
the interpretation of all verbal (linguistics) and non-verbal signs |
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What is the unit of analysis in Semiotics? |
The Sign |
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What is the sign constituted of? |
2 Elements concept and sound-image signified and signifier |
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What is the meaning of a sign dependant on? |
Societal understandings - signs are empty canvases |
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Do signs change over time or do their meanings change? |
Meanings change |
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Why is meaning a social phenomenon |
Because... Meaning is socially constructed Everyone has authorship over meaning and no one has authorship over meaning |
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Define Semiotics (semiology) |
the study of the social production of meaning from sign systems; the analysis of anything that can stand for something else |
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Define Myth |
the connotative meaning that signs carry wherever they go; myth makes what is cultural seem natural |
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Define Signifier |
the physical form of the sign as we perceive it through our senses; an image |
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Define Signified |
the meaning we associate with the sign |
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Define Denotative Sign System |
a descriptive sign without ideological content |
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Define Conotative Sign System |
a mythic sign that has lost its historical referent; form without substance |
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Define Deconstuction |
the process of unmasking contradictions within a text; debunking |
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Define Ideology |
knowledge presented as common sense or natural, especially when its social construction is ignored or suppressed |
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Is cultural studies an objectivist or an interpretivist theory? |
OBJECTIVIST |
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Who runs mass media, and who does it benefit? |
The Elite |
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what is an ideology |
mental frameworks (concept, language, images, etc.) that different groups produce and deploy in order to make sense of social reality |
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What is the power of ideology? |
That it isn't seen as an ideology |
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In Marxism what makes up the Superstructure? |
Education, Family, Religion, Mass Media, Politics Everything NOT to do with production in society |
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What makes up the Base? |
Relations of Production: Bourgeoisie exploits the Prolitariat Means of Production: all the things you need to produce - machines, factories, land, raw materials, etc. (all owned by the Bourgeoisie) |
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What theory is Antonio Gramsci associated with? |
Hegemony - a whole body of practices and expectations |
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What does Marxism + Hegemony = |
Neo Marxism |
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Define Cultural Studies |
a neo-marxist critique that sets forth the position that mass media manufactures consent for dominant ideologies |
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Define Ideology |
frameworks through which we interpret, understand and make sense of social existence |
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Define Cultural Industries |
the producers of culture; television, radio, music, film, fashion, magazines, newspapers, etc. |
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Define Hegemony |
the subtle sway of society's haves over have nots |
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Define Discourse |
frameworks of interpretation |
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Define Discursive Formation |
process where unquestioned and seemingly natural ways of interpreting the world become ideologies |
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What is Radical Feminism |
takes on breaking down the barrier between feminism and sexuality |
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What is Liberal Feminism |
"basic feminism" - an individualist form focusing on women's ability to maintain equality through her own actions and decisions |
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What is Socialist Feminism? |
brings in oppression in forms of class and gender |
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What is a standpoint? |
a place from where we view the world around us |
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What are standpoints affected by? |
The Groups we belong to Class, Gender, Ethnicity, Nationality, Culture |
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Why are standpoints always partial? |
Because knowledge is always partial |
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Why are some standpoints less partial than others? Who has a less partial standpoint? |
Because those in positions of less power must worry about how others see them People of less power, have less partial standpoints |
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What theories is Standpoint Theory influenced by? |
Marxism and Postmodernism |
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Are standpoints based on local knowledge of universal knowledge? |
Local knowledge, standpoints are situational |
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what does the term objective mean in regards to Standpoint Theory? |
objective = complete |
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What is a main critique of standpoint theory? |
One Standpoint? You can't say that all groups think the same Need to find balance between commonality in a group standpoint and individuality |
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Define standpoint |
a place from which to critically view the world around us |
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Define local knowledge |
knowledge that is situated in time, place, experience and relative power; as opposed to knowledge from no where that is supposedly value-free |
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Define Strong Objectivity |
strategy of starting research from the lives of women and marginalized groups, thus providing a less false view of reality |
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what is a muted group? |
people who cannot say what they want to say when they want to say it |
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why are women muted? |
Because men are gatekeepers of communication |
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why is content produced by subordinate groups muted? |
because the gatekeepers of information are from the dominant group |
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Why is the internet NOT the end of silence for muted groups? |
Because the discrimination seen offline is found online, sometimes even stronger |
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Define Muted Group |
people with little power who trouble giving voice to their perceptions because they must re-encode their thoughts to make them understood in the public sphere ex) women |
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Define Gatekeepers |
editors and other arbiters of culture who determine which books, essays, poetry, plays, film scripts, etc. will appear in the mass media |
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In Cultural Approach to Organizations what is: 1. Object of study 2. Methodology used 3. Data |
1. the organization 2. Ethnography 3. Metaphors stories and rituals |
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Organizations are cultures, what are cultures? |
Cultures are systems of shared meanings Cultures have: norms, practices, symbols |
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what is a metaphor in Cultural Approach to Organizations? |
the corporation as a "family" |
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What are corporate stories? |
what the company wants you to know |
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What are collegial stories? |
stories from employees, on what to know, who to trust, etc. |
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What are personal stories? |
when a co-worker tells you who they are |
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what is a ritual? |
the performance assessment |
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Can corporate culture be changed? |
Yes, we can describe a culture, but we cant predict the kind of strategy that will cause change |
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what is corporate colonization? |
when corporations "control" and "colonize" modern life |
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What is the decision making process consent |
feedback is asked for after the decision is made |
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What is the decision making process involvement |
feedback is asked for during decision-making process and has a chance to be used |
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What is the decision making process participation? |
feedback is asked fur during decision-making process, and contribution is equal in power |
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What is the PARC model? |
Politically Attentive Relational Constructivism |
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What are key factors in the PARC model? |
1. attention to power 2. assumes communication as socially constructed and constructive 3. The PARC model in action requires: - power differences set aside - equal access to participation - transparency - focus on outcomes and interests - collective decision making process |
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Define corporate colonization |
encroachment of modern corporations into every area of life outside the workplace |
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Define Information Model |
a view that information is merely a conduit for the transmission of information about the real world |
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Define Communication Model |
a view that language is the principal medium through which social reality is created and sustained |
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Define Codetermination |
collaborative decision making, participatory democracy in the workplace |
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Define Managerialism |
a systematic logic, set of routine practices, an ideology that values control over all other concerns |
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Define Consent |
the process by which employees actively, though unknowingly, accomplish managerial interests in a faulty attempt to fulfill their own |
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Define Systematically Distorted Communication |
operating outside of employee awareness, a form of discourse that restricts what can be said or even considered |
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Define Discursive Closure |
suppression of conflict without employees realizing that they are complicity in their own cencorship |
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Define Involvement |
stakeholders free expression of ideas that may, or may not, affect managerial decisions |
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Define Participation |
stakeholder democracy, the process by which all stakeholders in an organization negotiate power and openly reach collaborative decisions |
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Define Culture |
webs of significance, systems of shared meaning |
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Define Cultural Performance |
Actions by which members constitute and reveal their culture to themselves and others; an ensemble of texts |
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Define Ethnography |
mapping out social discourse; discovering who people within a culture think they are, what they think they are doing, and the extent to which they think they are doing it |
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Define Thick Description |
a record of the intertwined layers of common meaning that underlie what a particular people say or do |
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Define Metaphor |
clarifies what is unknown or confusing by equating it with an image that's familiar of vivid |
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Define Corporate Stories |
tales that carry management ideology and reinforce company policy |
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Define Personal Stories |
tales told by employees that put them in a favourable light |
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Define Collegial Stories |
positive or negative anecdotes about others in the organization; description of how things really work |
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Define Ritual |
Texts that articulate multiple aspects of cultural life; often marking rites of passage or life transitions |
