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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid present in the cells of all living organisms. It is often referred to as the “building blocks of life,” since it encodes the genetic material that determines what an organism will develop into.
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Genetics |
The study of the inheritance and variation of traits |
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Dominant |
Expressed alleles or phenotypes when homozygous (AA) or heterozygous (Aa) |
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Recessive |
A gene that is unexpressed when paired with a dominant gene |
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Gene |
A unit of DNA that specifies a unique protein toward the production of a trait |
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Phenotype |
The physical expression of a set of genes (tall or short) |
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Punnett Square |
The Punnett square is a diagram that is used to predict an outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach.
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Segregated |
When two or more alleles for a single trait separate from each other and wind up in different gametes |
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Meiosis |
A special type of cell division which divides the chromosome number by half. This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled and multi-celled eukaryotes |
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Independent assortment |
States that the movement and expression of one gene type from one generation to the next did not interfere with that of another gene type |
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Transmission genetics |
Study of the passing of genetic information from parent to offspring |
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Allele |
A form of a gene, such as the dominant (T) or recessive (t) gene forms |
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Phenotype |
The physical expression of a set of genes (tall or short) |
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Genotype |
The actual pair of genes that produces an expressed phenotype (TT, Tt, tt) |
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Locus |
The physical location of a gene form on a chromosome (plural is loci) |
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Homozygous |
Paired alleles that are either dominant (TT) or recessive (tt) |
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Heterozygous |
Paired alleles that are unalike (Tt) |
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Sister chromatids |
Two exact copies of the same DNA joined at a common centromere |
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Replicated chromosome (or dyad) |
a pair of sister chromatids |
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Bivalents or tetrads |
A pair of homologs that line up at the metaphase plate |
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Reduction division |
The first division of meiosis (Meiosis I) in which the number of chromosomes is reduced to half the original number.
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Equational division |
The second division of meiosis (Meiosis II) in which the chromosome number does not change |
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Monohybrid cross |
This type of cross includes only one characteristic. |
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Dihybrid cross |
This type of cross includes two unlinked characteristics. |
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Linked genes |
Two alleles that are on the same chromosome |
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Complete dominance |
When a single dominant allele produces the same phenotype as two dominant alleles |
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Incomplete dominance |
Results when the phenotype of an individual with a single dominant allele is the intermediate between organisms that are homozygous for the dominant or recessive alleles |
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Codominance |
Occurs when the phenotypes of two alleles can both be seen simultaneously in a heterozygote |
