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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Uses for Animals
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FoodSource
• Clothing • Fertilizer • Pharmaceuticals • Cosmetics • Otherindustrial/consumerproducts • Labor(Draftwork) • BiomedicalResearch • Companions • Recycling of food waste, by-products, grassland • Entertainment |
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Developed Agricultural Systems
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Small proportion of the population involved • Highly specialized agriculture
• Highly mechanized agriculture • A high per Capita Income • A high literacy rate of the people |
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Subsistence Agriculture
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Half or more of the population engaged in agriculture
• Each farm produces roughly what it consumes • Little Mechanization, lots of hand and animal labor • Low Income per Capita • Low levels of literacy |
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Extensive Agriculture
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Agricultural systems practiced in a manner that spreads human time and attention over vast acreages and/or many animals, often with few purchased inputs.
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Intensive Agriculture
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Any agricultural system in which much human attention and focus is directed to a small plot of land or to each animal, often resulting in higher production and greater purchased inputs
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importance of animals
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around the world we have much more land suited to grazing instead of crop growing
Livestock are more than food, they are security, an investment, insurance, status, and even part of religion and culture |
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Primative Agriculture
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almost all of the population engaged in agriculture
• Each farm produces what it consumes • No Mechanization, lots of hand and animal labor • Very Low Income per Capita • Very Low levels of literacy |
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6 major nutrients
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1.Water
2. Carbohydrates 3. Proteins 4. Fats 5. Vitamins 6. Minerals |
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Water
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-Softening feed
– chemical reactions (hydrolysis) – Moves products (carrier) – Cooling – shape of body cells – minerals |
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Carbohydrates
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• Starches, sugars, cellulose
• Provide energy! • Grains • Hay • Pasture • Silage |
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Proteins
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• Break down to amino acids in the body
Amino acids are used in the formation of proteins in the body (tissues, enzymes, hormones) |
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Fats
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(Lipids) Provide energy and essential fatty acids
– Very energy dense |
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Vitamins
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Essential vitamins: can not be produced by the body
• Vitamin A: vision • Vitamin D: bone health • Vitamin E: antioxidant • Vitamin K: blood clotting • Vitamin C: antioxidant • B-Complex vitamins: regulators |
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Minerals
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• Inorganic molecules
• Necessary for health and regulation of body systems |
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Monogastric Digestion
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Hind-gut fermenters
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• Are MONOGASTRIC but have enlarged cecum and colon (large intestines)
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Ruminant Digestive Tract
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Avian Digestive Tract
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Animal Agriculture Problems
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Degradation of Natural Resources – Land
– Water – Deforestion – Loss of Biodiversity – Nutrient Imbalances – Greenhouse gases – Competition between food and feed |
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Prehension
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• Process of getting food into the mouth
• Lips, tongue, teeth, beak, limbs etc. |
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Mastication
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chewing
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Peristalsis
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• Progressive squeezing movements produced by the contraction of muscle fibers along the wall of the digestive tract
• Involuntary • Occurs throughout the digestive tract |
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Female Reproductive System
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• Ovaries = female gonad, produce eggs
• Oviducts (Fallopian tubes) = Connects ovaries to uterus, site of fertilization • Uterus = site of embryo implantation and fetal development • Cervix = between vaginia and uterus, protects uterus from foreign materials and pathogens • Vaginia = site of insemination and parturition |
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Male Reproductive System
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• Testes: produce sperm and testosterone
• Scrotum: protects testes • Epididymis: sperm storage • Vas deferens: connects epididymis to urethra for sperm travel • Penis: external sex organ, releases semen • Sperm = male sex cells • Semen = male sex cells + accessary fluids |
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Puberty
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• Puberty = transition between immature reproductive state and the mature functional hormonal state.
• Development of secondary sex characteristics • Triggered by age and weight • Poor nutrition or stress can delay onset of puberty! |
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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• Male: beards on men, humps on bulls, increased muscle mass, changes in vocalization
• Female: Changes in body fat deposition (curves), mammary development, smooth hair coats |
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Ovulation
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Release of eggs from the ovary
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Estrus
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• Also called heat
• Period where female is receptive to mating |
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Gestation
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Pregnancy
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Parturition
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Birth
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Colostrum
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1st milk after parturition
consumption is so IMPORTANT for many livestock species! |
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Cryptorchidism
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Condition where one or both testes do not descend into the scrotum and remain trapped in the abdominal cavity.
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Estrogen
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Female sex hormone
– Stimulate puberty in females, stimulates esterus |
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Progesterone
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Pregnancy hormone
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Oxytocin
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Uterine contractions during parturition and milk let down
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Testosterone
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Male sex hormone
– Stimulates puberty in males, stimulates male sex drive, aggression. |
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Why study animal behavior?
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To improve animal human interaction
Reduce stress Improve animal productivity To increase use for animals |
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Dry Cows
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• Dairy cows that are currently not lactating.
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Herring Bone Parlor
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Large Scale Parallel Parlor
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Robotic Milker
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Rotary Parlor
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Milking protocol
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. Strip
. Pre-dip . Wipe . Attach milker . Post dip |
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Calving Difficulty
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• Most of the time cows calve best without help
• Sometimes the calf may not be in the correct position for birth Treatment: can try to help and reposition the calf or pull the calf. |
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Retained Placenta
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• Cow does not pass placenta (clean) after calving
• Can cause infection • Can cause future breeding issues Treatment: oxytocin, antibiotics, manual removal, flushing |
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Milk Fever
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Signs: curled position, cold ears, low body temp, muscle spasms, retained placenta
Cow produces so much milk that she becomes calcium deficient Treatment: • Calcium! • May be given orally, subcutaneusly or IV • Must be very careful with IV calcium!! Too much, too fast can stop the animals heart |
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Displaced Abomasum
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can occur after calving or diet change
Abomasum may flip up into this unoccupied space Signs: Decreased appetite, weight loss, depression, reduced cud chewing, decreased milk production Treatment: Roll the cow, surgery |
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Acidosis
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• Rumen pH drops too low
• Rumen is too acidic • Rumen microbes start to die Signs: Cows off feed, skinny cows, low milk production, limping Treatment: • Decrease grain in diet • Increase forage in diet • Get animal back on feed! • May require oral electrolytes |
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Mastitis
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• Infection of the mammary gland
• Can be caused by many different organisms • Signs: chunky milk, fever, hot or swollen udder, decreased milk production Treatment: • Strip out infection very well • Antibiotics – Given directly into the udder • Organic treatments – Mostly use essential oils (garlic, peppermint, etc.) |
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Keys to healthy calves and heifers
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Four C's
cleanliness colostrum clean air consistency |
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Scours
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Diarrhea
– Due to microbial illness – Due to issues with milk intake • Major problems – Dehydration – Loss of electrolytes – Depression |
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Cow-Calf Operations
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• Can vary greatly in size • Typically pasture based
systems • Very little to no grain feeding • Raise calves to 6 to 10 months of age • Usually 300-700 lbs |
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Breeding Stock Operation
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• Only the best animals are used for breeding stock
• Pure breeds |
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Young Stock Operations
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• Calves from cow-calf operations brought to these operations for growing
• Typically pasture based |
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Finisher Cattle Operations
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• Young animals arrive from grower operations for finishing
• Typically large scale • Not usually pasture based • Rely heavily on grain feeding |
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Beeft Retail Cuts
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Cattle Species
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• Bos Taurus
• Bos Indicus |
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Bos Taurus
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– Adapted to cool weather climates
– Originated in Europe, Northern Asia and Northern parts of Africa |
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Bos Indicus
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– Adapted to warm weather climates – Originated in Southern Asia
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Pasteurization
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Controlled heating process to destroy microrganisms
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Raw milk
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milk that has no been pasturized
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Bovine Somatotropin (bST)
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Hormone produced naturally in the cow, when injected causes increases in milk production
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CAFO
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Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation
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Importance of Horse Industry
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• Provide to the economy
• Provide jobs • Recreation • Companionship • Labor • Therapy |
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Growing Phases of the horse
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Suckling
Weanling Yearling 2YearOld |
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The brood mare
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• Gestation = approximately 11 months
• Early Gestation = first 150 days – Don’t overfeed mare – May still ride mare – No intense exercise • Nutrient demands greatly increase in last 90 days of gestation – Foals gains 60% of size during this time! – Mare has lowered appetite so fed energy rich feeds – Not advised to ride mare |
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floating
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dental work on horses
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Colic
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• Symptoms that are due to adverse conditions within the digestive tract.
– Almost always nutrition related • Signs... – High anxiety – Biting, kicking at abdomen – Rolling – Groaning Cause • Excessive gas production as a result of microbial fermentation. – Poorly digested feeds reach large intestine – High concentrate diet – Rapid rate of passage |
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Preventing Colic
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• Reduce bolting of feed • Scatter feed
• Place rocks in feed bucket • Feed chopped hay • Don’t overfeed • Undigested feed reaches large intestine • Regular feeding schedule • Body prepares for mealtime • Reduce component feeding • Hay and grain together • Hay first • Not grain first • Feed multiple meals per day – Horses are designed for continuous eating • Small storage capacity • Constant bile release |
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Laminitis
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• Swelling of the laminae in the hoof
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Heaves
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• Alveolar pulmonary emphysema
• Damage to lung alveoli results in difficulty breathing • Causes... – Respiratory infection – Inhalation of particulate prevention: • Shake hay outside barn • Moisten • Keep feeder clean |
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Gastric Ulcer Syndrome
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• Damage to stomach lining from gastric acid • Signs: Poor appetite, abdominal pain
• Common in horses! • Prevention: – Multiple small meals a day keeps stomach full – Increase forage feeding – Stress (reduces blood flow to stomach) |
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Insulin Resistance
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• Insulin is produced by the pancreas to decrease blood glucose levels
• Body can become resistant to insulin causing blood sugar to remain high • Signs: excessive drinking, urinating, increased appetite, fatty desposites • Treatments: Low sugar diet!, soak hay, no pasture, |
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Cushings Disease
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• Disorder of the pituitary gland – Effects hormone release
• Most common disease in older equines – Ponies, Morgans • Signs: long shaggy hair coat, excessive drinking or sweating, laminitis • Treatment: Pergolide (supresses hormones), careful with sugar intake (grains, treats, pasture) |